Modular inflatable multifunction field-deployable apparatus and methods of manufacture

ABSTRACT

An modular, inflatable, multifunction, multipurpose, parabolic reflector apparatus having a plurality of manufactured parabolic mirrors made from a pressure-deformable reflective covering of an inflatable ring for focusing electromagnetic energy from radio frequency radiation (RF) through the ultraviolet radiation (UV) and solar energy for (1) heating and cooking, for (2) electrical power generation, for (3) enhancing the transmission and reception of radio signals, for (4) enhancing vision in low-light environments, and for (5) projection of optical signals or images. The device also has non-electromagnetic uses, such as the collection of water. A first main embodiment utilizes two reflective membranes. A second main embodiment utilizes a reflective membrane and a transparent membrane. Portability is enhanced by complete collapsing of the inflatable device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/156,814, filed 30 May 2002, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 0.60/294,440filed May 30, 2001. This application independently claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/403,815 filed Dec. 4,2002. Additionally, this application relates to co-pending PCT PatentApplication Serial No. PCT/US02/1.6918 as filed May 30, 2002, as amendedNov. 27, 2002 under PCT. Article 19, and as amended Dec. 30, 2002 underPCT Article 34. This application also claims the benefit of PCT PatentApplication Serial No. PCT/US02/16918 as amended under PCT Article 34 onDec. 30, 2002. The entire specification (including Description, Drawing,and claims) contained within each of these related applications, both asfiled and as amended (where applicable), is hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates most broadly to multifunctionfield-deployable tools or apparatus, which are principally configuredfor use as highly portable solar cooking, heating, and/or energizingapparatus, but which typically may also be reconfigured and/orredeployed by the user in the field to serve (i.e., provide a means forperforming) numerous other life-enhancing or life-sustaining functions.More specifically, the present invention relates to inflatable (orotherwise collapsible), multifunction, solar energy concentratingdevices, which are typically (but not necessarily) specially configuredand/or re-configurable to also effectively and reliably perform one ormore other functions selected from a broad range of focusedelectromagnetic, non-focused electromagnetic, and/or non-electromagneticfunctions, thereby rendering the invention highly amenable to a broadscope of practical applications within a wide range of terrestrialand/or non-terrestrial (e.g., marine, airborne, space-based)environments.

[0004] 2. Related Art

[0005] a. Description

[0006] The related art of interest describes various electromagneticenergy harnessing devices including several apparatus for concentratingsolar energy, but none discloses the present invention. Accordingly,there remains a need for an economical field-deployable apparatus,which, in addition to being able to concentrate solar energy forheating, cooking, and/or energizing, also provides a means forperforming various other life-enhancing or life-sustaining functions,and which is fully collapsible (e.g., deflatable) to greatly facilitateportage and storage. A review of the related art reveals its manylimitations and disadvantages and, thus, clearly shows that this needfor a highly portable, multifunction, field-deployable apparatus remainsunfulfilled, thereby underscoring the value of the present invention,which fully and uniquely meets this need.

[0007] In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 3,326,624 issued on Jun. 20, 1967,to Wladimir von Maydell et al. describes an inflatable paraboloid mirrorcapable of being formed into a permanently rigid structure in outerspace to collect solar energy for space stations and flying bodies. Themirror has a valved annular ring, radial segmental covers or stripsprings, radial heating wires, and a valved double walled mirror formedwith polyester foam coated with a reflector material. The ring andmirror have internal rigid spacers. However, this apparatus is not wellsuited for use as a field-deployable tool because it cannot be collapsedand re-deployed after its initial deployment, it is not multifunctional,it does not provide a means for supporting and orienting the apparatusto facilitate use in a terrestrial environment, it does not provide ameans for protecting the user against accidental exposure toconcentrated electromagnetic radiation, and both its mechanicalstructure and its means of deployment are generally too complex to allowthe device to be economically produced for wide use by the generalpublic.

[0008] Other related art exhibiting many of these limitations anddisadvantages include:

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,294 issued on Jul. 6, 1999, to Bibb B. Allendescribes a space antenna having an interior tensioned multiple cordattachment in a balloon which uses Mylar® for electromagnetic and solarenergy applications in a first embodiment. A second embodiment utilizesan exterior tensioned cord attachment to a spacecraft of an antennareflector of a gold-plated molybdenum or graphite wire mesh inside aninflated toroidal support balloon which uses Mylar® for electromagneticand solar energy applications. Note that the mechanical attachments(tensioned cord-ties) used to deploy the reflector are generally toocomplex and also too great in number to permit economical constructionof a device intended for general use by the public. Also, no means isprovided for supporting and orienting the apparatus in a terrestrialenvironment.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,112 issued on Sep. 28, 1982, to FritzLeonhardt et al. describes a large reflector having an inner face ofeither a polished aluminum sheet or a plastic sheet backed by individualmembrane segments of a rigid foam backing having a curved concavesurface and an opening in its center. Two membranes formed as concave orconvex reflectors are used to reflect and concentrate solar rays to aheat absorber, heat exchanger and the like. Note that this patent isprimarily a means for producing parabolic reflectors from flat planarsheets of material, and shows various rigid means for supporting andoperating such reflective membranes. Further, it does not-represent aportable device.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 2,977,596 issued on Mar. 28, 1961, to Harold D.Justice describes an inflatable circular antenna saucer on a transmitteror receiver base. Note that the rigid support frame of the apparatus isnot significantly collapsible for portage and storage, and the reflectorstructure contains unnecessary internal webbing, which is not economicalto produce.

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 3,005,987 issued on Oct. 24, 1961, to Kent M. Macket al. describes an inflatable antenna assembly comprising a radomecovering an inflatable elliptical tubular membrane support havingstructural lacing and two concave flexible non-conducting sheets,wherein one sheet is coated with vaporized aluminum. Note that theapparatus is not significantly collapsible for portage and storage, thereflector structure contains tensioning cords, which are unnecessary foruse as a solar concentrator, and the radome generally inhibits orprohibits use as a broad-spectrum solar energy concentrator.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 3,056,131 issued on Sep. 25, 1962, to Ralph L.McCreary describes an inflatable reflector for electromagnetic radiationcomprising two concave thin sheets of flexible plastic material, whereinat least one sheet has a parabolic shape. Note that the rigid supportframe of the apparatus is not significantly collapsible for portage andstorage. Also, no means is provided for adjustably supporting andorienting the apparatus in a terrestrial environment.

[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 3,221,333 issued on Nov. 30, 1965, to Desmond M.Brown describes an inflatable radio antenna comprising an oblate bagaerial including a pair of spaced parallel insulating planar surfacesconnected to a medial portion and having two antenna elements mountedparallel to form a capacitive plate antenna. Note that this apparatus isprimarily a means for producing a capacitive aerial antenna. It does nothave a means for concentrating solar energy, such as a parabolicreflector, nor any means for performing any other functions except itsprimary (sole) use as a capacitive aerial antenna.

[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,645 issued on Nov. 26, 1968, to Richard J.Koehler describes an elongated inflatable parabolic radar antenna toroidassembly providing a small wave energy aperture in one plane and alarger wave energy aperture in a perpendicular plane. Note that thisapparatus is not significantly collapsible for portage and storage, andthat the reflector's support structure generally inhibits or prohibitsuse as a broad-spectrum solar energy concentrator.

[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 3,471,860 issued on Oct. 7, 1969, to Floyd D.Amburgey describes a reflector antenna having a variable or flexiblesurface, the geometrical shape of which may be changed by air pressureor a partial vacuum behind the flexible membrane for the purpose ofobtaining the best reception from this antenna type. Note that thispatent is primarily a means for producing an adjustable-focal-lengthparabolic reflector from flat planar sheets of material. It does notrepresent a significantly collapsible portable device.

[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,389 issued on Jun. 9, 1987, to David N. Ulrydescribes an inflatable reflector apparatus and a method of manufacture.A super-ambient pressure is maintained within the envelope which ismaintained by a compression frame member. Note that the rigid supportframe of the apparatus is not significantly collapsible for portage andstorage, and the transparent membrane of the super-ambient reflectorstructure limits efficiency when used as a solar energy concentrator.

[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,609 issued on May 3, 1988, to Daniel V.Sallis describes a stretched membrane heliostat having a membranemounted on a circular frame, there being a double-walled portion of themembrane that extends in a circle near the periphery of the membrane toform a bladder that is inflatable to tension the membrane. Note that therigid support frame of the apparatus is not significantly collapsiblefor portage and storage.

[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,819 issued on. Jul. 5, 1988, to Marco C.Bernasconi et al. describes a parabolically-shaped reflector antennaintended for space vehicle applications. The device is inflated by a gasin space to form an antenna reflector and an antenna radome stabilizedby a rigidizing torus. The covering material is a resin-impregnatedfabric which when heated by the sun polymerizes to render the reflectorantenna stable and requires no gas pressure to keep its shape. Note thatthis apparatus is not significantly collapsible for portage and storage,it is too complex to yield a sufficiently economical field-deployabletool for use by the general public, and the radome generally inhibits orprohibits use as a broad-spectrum solar energy concentrator.

[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,600 issued on Jan. 4, 1994, to Takase Mitsuoet al. describes a planar reflector composed of a base and a flexiblepolymeric plastic substrate having a highly reflective silver layerformed thereon and overlayed on the base with an adhesive layerinterposed between the two layers. Note that this patent is primarily ameans for producing reflectors having a small radius of curvature frommulti-layer planar sheets of material. It does not represent afunctional collapsible reflector apparatus.

[0021] U.S. Pat. No. 5,893,360 issued on Apr. 13, 1999, to O'Malley 9.Stoumen et al. describes an inflatable solar oven comprising two sheetsof flexible material sealed at their edges. The top sheet is clear andthe bottom sheet has a reflective layer. Note that this apparatusexhibits an extremely clumsy or cumbersome method of cooking, and thefunctionality of the device is easily impaired by vapors, which afterbeing emitted from the items being heated or cooked within the device,may then condense on the transparent membrane of the device, therebydiffusing the impinging solar radiation, thus preventing effectiveconcentration. Further, the device is not multifunctional.

[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,995 issued on Nov. 21, 2000, to L. DwightGilger describes a combined photovoltaic array and a deployableperimeter truss RF reflector. Note that this structure is highly complexin light of its two simple functions, and it is generally not suitablefor use as a terrestrial field-deployable tool.

[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 6,219,009 issued on Apr. 17, 2001, to John Shipleyet al. describes a tensioned cord and tie attachment of a collapsibleantenna reflector to an inflatable radial truss support structure. Note,again, that the mechanical attachments (tensioned cord-ties) used todeploy the reflector are generally too complex to permit economicalconstruction of a device intended for general use by the public. Also,no means is provided for supporting and orienting the apparatus in aterrestrial environment.

[0024] U.K. Patent Application No. 758,090 published on Sep. 26, 1956,for Charles T. Suchy et al. describes an inflatable balloon havingarranged within a radio aerial. Note that this apparatus does not have aconcentrating reflector.

[0025] France Patent Application No. 1.048.681 published on Dec. 23,1953, for Adnan Tarcici describes a reflector for concentrating solarenergy for cooking when camping. Note that this apparatus is notsignificantly collapsible for portage and storage.

[0026] Japan Patent Application No. 59-97205 published on Jun. 5, 1984,for Yasuo Nagazumi describes a parabolic antenna having an airtightchamber filled with nitrogen and demarcated with a radiating aluminumcasing and a heat-insulating mirror. Note that this apparatus is notsignificantly collapsible for portage and storage and is not suitablefor concentrating solar energy.

[0027] b. Summary of Disadvantages of Prior Art

[0028] In short, the disadvantages of prior art generally include, amongothers, one or more of the following limitations:

[0029] (a) the device or apparatus generally is not multifunctional innature, i.e., it is generally limited to either a single function orperhaps two or more closely related functions;

[0030] (b) the apparatus is not suitably or sufficiently collapsible topermit easy transport to and from the field, or allow convenient storagewhen not in use;

[0031] (c) the apparatus is not easily reusable or re-deployable, i.e.,the apparatus cannot be collapsed after its initial deployment tofacilitate portage to an alternate location or to compactly store forfuture use.

[0032] (d) the apparatus has no lightweight collapsible means forsupporting and orienting the apparatus-to facilitate use in aterrestrial environment, and/or it does not employ other features tofacilitate use by persons having limited experience or knowledge, suchas simple well-known inflation valves;

[0033] (e) the apparatus has no means for protecting the user fromaccidental exposure to highly concentrated electromagnetic radiation,thereby posing a safety hazard;

[0034] (f) the apparatus exhibits limited efficiency when concentratingbroad-spectrum solar radiation as a result of having one or moreintervening layers in its optical path, such a transparent membrane orradome;

[0035] (g) the apparatus exhibits unnecessary structural complexity,thereby rendering the apparatus uneconomical to produce for wide use bythe general public; and/or

[0036] (h) the apparatus is generally not suitably robust orsufficiently durable for rapid deployment into the field, such as by airdrop, nor does the apparatus provide a means for easily repairing thedevice in the field using integral rapid-repair materials in the eventof damage.

[0037] In contrast, each of these disadvantages or limitations of priorart are overcome by the-present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0038] a. General Description

[0039] The present invention is a modular, inflatable, multifunction,field-deployable apparatus, which primarily provides an economical meansfor concentrating solar energy for heating, cooking, and/or energizing,but which also typically provides various means for performing otherlife-enhancing or life-sustaining functions, and which is generallyfully collapsible (e.g., deflatable) to greatly facilitate portage andstorage. Briefly, the modular, inflatable, multifunction,field-deployable apparatus of the present invention typically has as itsprimary functional module a basic inflatable, multifunction, parabolicreflector apparatus, such as disclosed in our previous(cross-referenced) applications. The present invention typically furtherincludes one or more optional, preferably removably attached, accessorymodules and/or elements, such as an inflatable (or otherwisecollapsible) means for supporting and orienting the basic inflatablereflector apparatus, an inflatable (or otherwise collapsible) means forprotecting the user from accidental exposure to highly concentratedelectromagnetic (e.g., solar) radiation at or near the focal point ofthe basic reflector apparatus, an inflatable (or otherwise collapsible)means for supporting materials or accessory elements in proximity to thefocal point, and an inflatable (or otherwise collapsible) protectivecover.

[0040] Regarding functionality, briefly note that both the basicinflatable reflector apparatus of the basic invention and, thus, themodular field-deployable apparatus of the present invention areprimarily configured for use as highly portable solar cooking, heating,and/or energizing apparatus. However, both the basic reflector apparatusand the modular field-deployable apparatus are typically (but notnecessarily) specially configured to also effectively and reliablyperform, either alone or in concert with various optional accessoryelements, one or more other functions selected from a broad range offocused electromagnetic, non-focused electromagnetic, andnon-electromagnetic functions. Hence, both the basic reflector apparatusand the modular field-deployable apparatus can serve as highly portablemultifunction tools, each of which is highly amenable to a broad scopeof practical applications; however, the modular apparatus of the presentinvention offers greater versatility, safety, and ease of use.

[0041] In greater detail, the present invention is generallyfunctionally optimized (as is the basic invention) for concentrating,focusing, and/or beaming radiant electromagnetic energy and is effectiveover a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio frequency(RF) radiation through ultraviolet (UV) radiation includingbroad-spectrum solar energy. However, as indicated above, the presentinvention (and the basic invention) can also effectively and reliablyperform numerous other functions not related to concentrating, focusing,and beaming radiant electromagnetic energy. Focused electromagneticapplications, of the present invention typically include 1)concentrating broad-spectrum (e.g., solar) radiation for heating,cooking, sterilizing, distilling, processing materials, generatingelectrical power, and/or the like, (2) manipulating radio and/ormicrowave frequency radiation for enhancing the transmission andreception of radio signals and/or other electromagnetic communications,and/or (3) manipulating visible-spectrum radiation for enhancing visionin low-light environments, projecting optical signals or images, and/orother optical purposes, such as using the apparatus as a convex mirrorto extend the user's field of vision for surveillance and/or safely.Non-focused, electromagnetic applications typically include 1) use as anemergency thermal blanket, shelter, incubator, greenhouse, and/or thelike, (2) use as an electromagnetic energy shield, and/or (3) use as anelectrostatic insulator. Non-electromagnetic applications typicallyinclude. (1) the collection, storage, and/or processing of water orother substantially fluidic materials, (2) use as a shelter to protectpersons, equipment, materials, and/or other items from inclement weatherand/or other environmental elements, (3) use as a soft or compliantsupport such as a bed, cradle, inflatable cast (for immobilizing abroken limb), and the like, (4) use as a water flotation device or waterboat, (5) use as a portable fermentor apparatus for producing fuels,medicines, beverages, and/or other materials, (6) use as an inflatablewind turbine for producing electrical and/or mechanical power, and/or(7) use as a directional sound amplification device. The inventioncontemplates numerous other uses as discussed hereinbelow and as readilyapparent to a user of the apparatus. However, it is emphasized that anyparticular embodiment or manifestation of the present invention need notperform all such functions, i.e., a particular embodiment can beconfigured to perform a limited number or subset of these functionswithout departing from the nature of the invention. Further, as will beshown below, it should be noted that although the basic reflectorapparatus is generally the primary functional module of the modularfield-deployable apparatus, the present invention (i.e., the modularfield-deployable apparatus) can optionally be reconfigured without abasic reflector apparatus by the user in the field (or by the factory)to perform various non-focused electromagnetic and/ornon-electromagnetic functions, for example, use as a water flotationdevice or use as part of a wind turbine apparatus, without departingfrom the nature of the invention.

[0042] Regarding physical construction, first note that each of themodular structures of the present invention are generally optimized tominimize weight, non-deployed volume, and production cost, whilesimultaneously maximizing operational performance, versatility, andsafety. To achieve such optimization, the primary modules of the presentinvention are typically made from one or more lightweight inflatablestructures (such as an inflatable ring), thin flexible (e.g.,pressure-deployable) membranes, and/or other easily collapsible, lightweight structures. An excellent example of such structural optimizationis the basic inflatable reflector apparatus in a preferred first mainembodiment configuration, wherein two pressure-deformable (i.e.,pressure-deployable) membranes, at least one of which is reflective, areutilized in conjunction with the inner portion of an inflatable supportring to form a highly efficient central reflector chamber, whichgenerally can be inflated to either sub-ambient pressure (as requiredfor most applications) or super-ambient pressure to deploy thereflective membrane(s). Note that by using the inner portion of thesupport ring to form an integral part of the highly efficientsub-ambient-pressurizable reflector chamber, the first embodiment of thebasic reflector apparatus can be produced very economically from aminimum number or parts while maximizing weight-specific power output.

[0043] As another example, a second main embodiment of the basicreflector apparatus utilizes at least one reflective membrane and atleast one transparent membrane to form a central reflector chamber,which generally can be inflated only to super-ambient pressure to deploythe reflective membrane. Although generally less efficient than thefirst embodiment when used for concentrating broad-spectrumelectromagnetic energy, the primary structure of the second embodimentof the basic reflector apparatus can be made extremely economically fromas few as two sheets of material. Additionally, both embodiments of thebasic reflector apparatus generally employ one or more reflectivemembranes which are pre-formed substantially into the shape of aparaboloid to enhance safety, facilitate operation, and reducestructural loading of the membranes on the support ring. (It is notedthat a “pre-formed” pressure-deformable membrane is a membrane which isfabricated to substantially embody or possess its pressure-deformedshape, i.e. its deployed surface contour, prior to the application ofsignificant differential pressure across the membrane.) As noted above,the other modules of the present invention are also typicallyconstructed from similar lightweight inflatable structures and/orpressure-deployable membranes to achieve such structural optimization;however, it should be further noted that particular modules (orcomponents thereof) are also sized to substantially match, wherepossible, other modules and/or components of the present invention, bothto further reduce fabrication cost by minimizing the number of differentelements required to construct the modular apparatus, and to allowsimilarly sized modules to be easily interchanged to increaseversatility of the modular apparatus and/or to facilitate rapidsubstitution of one or more modules in the event of damage.

[0044] To enable the various modules of the present invention to operateas a unit, each module typically includes one or more attachment meansfor connecting to other modules of the apparatus, for attachingaccessory elements, and/or for securing and stabilizing the apparatus topromote safe operation. Additionally, each inflatable and/orpressure-deployable module of the apparatus requires at least oneinflation means or pressure-adjusting means such as, for example, asimple well-known plug valve, a manual or automatic pump, a gascanister, and/or the like.

[0045] To increase performance, further enhance safety, facilitate use,reduce production cost, and/or to enable the modular field-deployableapparatus to perform additional functions, the present inventioncontemplates that numerous alternate configurations, optional features,and/or accessory elements typically can be substituted for, incorporatedinto, and/or used in concert with the various modules of the presentinvention.

[0046] Regarding alternate configurations, note, for example, that theuse of non-preformed (i.e., planar) elastic reflective membranes iscontemplated to enable the basic reflector apparatus to have a variablefocal length., Further, the use of pre-formed, non-parabolic reflectivemembranes (e.g., reflective membranes having surfaces which arespherical, undulating, a series of conic sections, faceted, and/or thelike) is contemplated to limit the maximum degree of concentration tofurther enhance safety. In addition, the invention also contemplatesvarious novel methods of manufacture for the various modules. Morespecifically, various fabrication processes, such as those disclosed inour previous (cross-referenced) applications, may be employed toeconomically produce the present invention primarily from multiple,thin, flexible (e.g., pressure-deformable) membranes.

[0047] Regarding optional features and/or accessory elements, note thatsuch elements can be either integrally incorporated within or removablyattached to the various modules of the present invention. Also note thatthe various modules of the apparatus may be integrated, such as topermit simultaneous inflation of the integrated, interconnected modules.

[0048] Specific portable apparatus are shown hereinbelow which greatlyfacilitate or enable a wide range of useful applications. However, theinvention contemplates that many other portable apparatus may beprovided for various purposes by judiciously combining one or more ofthe modules of the modular field-deployable apparatus (or alternateconfigurations thereof) with any of the numerous optional featuresand/or accessory elements of the present and/or basic invention, i.e.the invention is not limited to the specific examples shown and/ordescribed herein.

[0049] Ultimately, the present invention serves as a highly portable,field-deployable, multi-function, multi-purpose apparatus or tool, whichcan quickly and economically provide in the field (or other partially orsignificantly infrastructure-deprived environment) at least onelife-enhancing or life-sustaining function or utility. Morespecifically, the invention can perform many of the life-sustainingfunctions and/or utilities routinely provided by much more massive,semi-portable apparatus and/or substantially fixed elements ofinfrastructure that are typically found within highlyinfrastructure-rich environments. Consequently, the highly portablemultifunction apparatus of the present invention can rapidly,effectively, and economically replace and/or supplement, eithertemporarily or permanently, many of these life-sustaining apparatusand/or elements of infrastructure, examples of which include variousdomestic (i.e. household) appliances and/or other housewares; research,commercial, industrial, recreational, and/or military equipment;municipal power, water, and/or communication utilities; basic shelterfrom inclement whether or other environmental elements; and/or the like.Accordingly, the present invention is ideally and uniquely suited tofacilitate a broad range of activities including, for example, remotefield work, emergency response, disaster relief, outdoor recreation(such as camping, backpacking, picnicking, boating, and/or the like),education, and/or other activities in terrestrial and/or non-terrestrial(e.g., marine, airborne, space-based) environments.

[0050] b. Typical Advantages Over Prior Art

[0051] Hence, the modular inflatable multifunction apparatus comprisingthe present invention is generally superior to the related art in atleast seven very significant respects.

[0052] First, the present invention is superior to the related art as aresult of its highly multifunctional, multipurpose nature. It is notedthat the preferred and alternate embodiments of the present inventionhave numerous electromagnetic and non-electromagnetic utilities. Incontrast, all related art is significantly more limited with respect toutilities and applications thereof. In greater detail, it is emphasizedthat none of the prior art makes any references to, or accommodationsfor, performing non-electromagnetic functions, such as water collectionand storage, which is but one of many critically important aspects ofthe present invention when the apparatus is deployed in the field as amultifunctional survival tool. In addition, the modular nature of thepresent invention allows the various modules of the apparatus to be usedsimultaneously for similar and/or radically different functions;however, prior art contains no such provision.

[0053] Second, the present invention is superior to the related art as aresult of its extremely lightweight and compactly foldable construction,which greatly facilitates portage and storage. As an example, note thata pocket-sized version of the basic inflatable reflector apparatushaving a mass of approximately 100 grams and measuring only 8.5 cm by12.0 cm by 1.0 cm when fully collapsed can be inflated to yield a fullydeployed device having a 120 cm diameter primary reflector providing1000 watts of highly concentrated broad-spectrum radiant energy whenutilized terrestrially as a solar energy concentrating device. It isnoted that such a device can thus provide an unprecedented mass-specificpower output approximating 10000 watts per kilogram, depending on thespecific thickness and material of construction (e.g., a 13-micron-thicknylon/polyethylene co-extruded membrane), and a non-deployed, compactlyfolded, volume-specific power output (i.e., non-deployed power density)approximating 10 megawatts per cubic meter. As a result, a single cargoair lifter can, for example, airdrop in a single load a sufficientquantity of the apparatuses to capture and concentrate well over 100megawatts of solar energy. Although a modular apparatus incorporatingseveral inflatable accessory modules generally has a lowerweight-specific and volume-specific power output than the basicinflatable reflector apparatus, it should be noted that such inflatableaccessory modules of the modular apparatus optionally can be constructedfrom one or more modified basic reflector apparatuses such that themodified modular apparatus can be reconfigured as a plurality of basicinflatable reflector apparatuses, which substantially achieve the samehigh weight-specific and volume-specific power output of the primarybasic inflatable reflector apparatus.

[0054] Third, the present invention is superior to the related art as aresult of its precisely pre-formed reflective membranes and otheroptional features, which greatly increase the operational safety of thedevice. More specifically, the use of pre-formed parabolic reflectivemembranes (instead of planar membranes as generally used in related art)allows the device to have (and can limit the device to) relatively shortand substantially fixed focal lengths, thereby enabling the user tomaintain greater control over the location of any potentially dangerous,high concentrations of radiant energy. In addition, pre-formed,non-parabolic reflective membranes may be used to, limit the maximumdegree of energy concentration to lower and, thus, safer levels.Further, the use of optional integral safety cages, safety covers,and/or other safety features significantly reduces the risk ofaccidental exposure to high concentrations of electromagnetic radiation.Again, such features and their associated benefits are not contemplatedby prior art.

[0055] Fourth, the present invention is superior to the related art inthat it is easier to deploy (e.g. inflate) and operate. Note that byusing pre-formed reflective membranes, such reflective membranes can befully deployed using significantly less differential pressure across themembranes, thereby facilitating proper inflation. In addition, variousoptional elements may be incorporated into the device, which furtherenhance ease-of-use during deployment and/or operation. For example,such elements include (1) various novel means for supporting and/ororienting the device, (2) various novel apparatus for holding materialsor accessory elements in proximity to the focal point, and (3) the useof simple, well-known inflation valves, which greatly facilitatedeployment, even by persons having limited education or prior experiencewith solar concentrating apparatus. In contrast, except for theoccasional use of well-known focal point supports, prior art neithercontemplates nor anticipates such elements or the benefits thereof.

[0056] Fifth, the present invention, when employing a first embodimentconfiguration of the basic reflector apparatus, is more efficient inthat it eliminates all loss-inducing intervening layers as containedwithin the optical paths of all closely related prior art, i.e. artemploying pressure-deformable reflective membranes supported by aninflatable ring. Note that by employing a sub-ambient pressure reflectorchamber, as is used in the first embodiment of the basic reflectorapparatus, sunlight or other electromagnetic radiation can travel,unobstructed, from the energy source to the reflector and then to thetarget. Accordingly, the first embodiment of the basic reflectorapparatus causes no (i.e., zero) losses of radiant electromagneticenergy as such energy travels to and from the reflector. In contrast,most related art requires sunlight or other electromagnetic radiation topass through the transparent membrane of a super-ambient reflectorchamber on its way to and from the reflector, thereby resulting in aplurality of losses. The remaining prior art, although utilizing asub-ambient pressure reflector chamber, also requires theelectromagnetic energy to pass through at least one intervening layer,such as a radome, again resulting in a plurality of losses. In general,these losses include the reflection, absorption, and diffusion ofelectromagnetic radiation by the intervening layer as the radiationtravels to and from the reflector. Ultimately, the intervening layers ofprior art are typically responsible for reducing the efficiency of suchdevices by as much as twenty percent, or more, depending upon thewavelength of the impinging radiation and the transmissioncharacteristics of the material or materials comprising the interveninglayer.

[0057] Sixth, the present invention (most notably its basic reflectorapparatus) is superior to the related art as a result of its extremelysimple, highly integrated structure, which has been specially configuredto facilitate high-speed mass-production, thereby making the device veryeconomical to produce. Note that the designs specified in the relatedart do not demonstrate the high degree of integration and resultingsimplicity of construction to the extent specified herein for thepresent invention. Also note that the relative simplicity of the presentinvention is due, in part, to the fact that the reflective membrane ofits basic reflector apparatus can be deformed into a substantiallyparabolic surface utilizing only the surrounding ambient (i.e.atmospheric) pressure and simple, manually-operated, integral valves. Incontrast, all related art relies on complex mechanical arrangements,complex electrostatic systems, or complex pressure adjusting systems todeform the reflective membrane into a substantially parabolic surface.

[0058] Seventh, the present invention is superior to prior art as aresult of possessing a superior degree of robustness, especially whendeployed into the field via airdrop or other potentiallyhigh-acceleration-inducing delivery methods. Note that such robustnessof design is a result of the nearly exclusive use of thin flexiblemembranes (instead of rigid structures) to produce the apparatus.Further, in the event of damage, the apparatus is also superior to priorart in that it exhibits superior maintainability, which is achieved byincorporating an integral means for rapidly repairing the apparatus inthe field. In contrast, the related art provides no such means forconveniently maintaining the apparatus in the field.

[0059] It should be noted that each of the above aspects of the presentinvention, taken separately, represents a significant improvement overprior art. However, in combination, these superior aspects of thepresent invention represent an enormous improvement over prior art, thesignificance of which should not be underestimated. More specifically,as a result of possessing all of the noted improvements over prior art,the present invention can effectively serve as a highly multifunctional,highly portable, generally safe-to-operate, easy-to-use,high-performance, and highly economical tool—a tool which has theability to significantly enhance one's ability to enjoy and/or survive avariety of difficult or demanding physical environments, which, for avariety of reasons, have few if any of the typical life-sustainingfacilities or elements of infrastructure upon which much of humanity ispresently highly dependent. In particular, the apparatus offers greatestbenefits to persons who are suddenly and unexpectedly forced to dwell inregions of the world in which basic food preparation facilities, potablewater systems, or other critical elements of the local infrastructurehave been either destroyed or otherwise rendered inoperable, whether asa result of war, natural disaster, or other crisis. Under suchcircumstances, it should be noted that the efficacy with which emergencysupplies and temporary infrastructure can be reestablished within thedisaster area directly affects the quality of life and, moreimportantly, the survival rate of the persons located in the affectedregion. Ultimately, to alleviate as much general hardship as possible,but also to minimize the mortality rate, substitute temporary-usefacilities need to be reestablished throughout the affected region insufficient quantities, and with a minimum of time, effort, and expense.Due to its low cost, ease-of-use, and high degree of portability, themultifunction device disclosed herein is ideally and uniquely suited tofacilitate such emergency or disaster relief efforts. As a result, theinstant invention provides a highly effective method for meeting thisunending global need—an aspect of the invention that is neithercontemplated nor anticipated by prior art.

[0060] The present invention can also be of great benefit to individualsliving, working, or traveling in underdeveloped or neglected parts ofthe world. For the outdoorsman or explorer, the modular field-deployableapparatus can serve as an invaluable multifunctional survival tool. Inaddition, as noted above, the apparatus can offer many benefits topersons who choose to participate in a variety of outdoor recreationalactivities for which portable food preparation facilities and/or otherfunctions of the present invention are either needed or desired.Further, is should be noted that the highly economical apparatus isideally suited for use as an instructional aide for teaching students orother interested parties about solar energy. Considering the world'sdwindling supply of fossil fuels and other conventional fuels—especiallyin conjunction with the present ever-increasing global demand forenergy—worldwide education about solar energy is becoming increasinglynecessary to protect the environment, sustain the global economy, andensure a reasonable quality of life for all creatures inhabiting theEarth. Once again, these additional purposes and benefits are neithercontemplated nor anticipated by prior art.

[0061] As one reads subsequent sections of this document, it will becomequite clear that the modular field-deployable apparatus is also superiorto the related art in a variety of other ways including, among otheritems, various novel methods of manufacturing, deploying, and using themodular apparatus.

[0062] c. Specific Objects and Advantages of the Invention:

[0063] Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention toprovide a highly portable (i.e., inflatable or otherwise collapsible),multifunction, multipurpose, field-deployable apparatus and fabricationmethods thereof, which is generally optimized for use as a substantiallyparabolic reflector to focus electromagnetic energy from radio frequencyradiation (RF) through ultraviolet radiation (UV) including solarradiation (or a predetermined subset thereof), but which typically canalso be used for numerous other electromagnetic and/ornon-electromagnetic utilities. Regarding the multi-functional nature ofthis invention, specific (but optional) objects of the present inventionare:

[0064] (a) to provide a highly portable multifunction apparatus forconcentrating broad-spectrum (e.g., solar) radiation for cooking,heating, sterilizing, distilling, material processing, and/or for otherpurposes requiring or benefiting from the application of radiant heat,which may optionally utilize various accoutrements specially configuredfor absorbing concentrated solar radiation including, for example, asolar oven or autoclave having a high-emissivity (generally blackened)energy-absorbing external surface;

[0065] (b) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus for generatingelectrical power utilizing turboelectric, thermoelectric, and/orphotoelectric devices;

[0066] (c) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beutilized to concentrate light radiating from a relatively dim source,such as a street lamp, to operate (and/or recharge) an otherwiseinoperable, low-power, photovoltaic device, such as a handheldcalculator;

[0067] (d) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused for enhancing or enabling radio, microwave, and/or satellitecommunications (including use of one or more apparatus as a relaystation), and/or for enabling radio-telescopy;

[0068] (e) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus for enhancingvision in darkened environments by concentrating visible light radiatingfrom a dim source, such as a crescent moon, onto an object to be viewed;

[0069] (f) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus for enhancingvision in darkened environments by projecting light from non-collimatedsources, such as a candle, into dark environments;

[0070] (g) to provide a highly portable multifunction apparatus forenabling or enhancing optical signal communications, such as when usedwith a non-collimated light source held at the focal point to form asignal beacon, and optionally further including colored, textured,polarized, and/or image containing transparent and/or reflectivemembrane(s) to enhance signaling and/or to provide artistic lighting orimaging;

[0071] (h) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus employing awaveguide system to capture and deliver pan-chromatic visible light (orother useful spectral range of radiation) to interior, subterranean,and/or underwater environments to enhance vision and/or to operateequipment such as an optical image projector;

[0072] (i) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can serveas a multi-layer emergency thermal blanket, electrostatic insulator,and/or electromagnetic energy shield to protect a person or object, butwhich also allows a person or object to hide from an infrared (IR)camera or otherwise be shielded from an electromagnetic imaging ordetection device;

[0073] (j) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can serveas a soft, compliant support for persons or objects, including use as abed, cradle, seat, inflatable cast (for immobilizing a broken limb), orthe like;

[0074] (k) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as a water flotation device, boat, or-snow sled;

[0075] (l) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which-can beused to capture, store, process, and/or distribute water, other liquids,and/or certain solid materials, for which various optional accoutrements(such as catchment rings, gutters, funnels, filters, tubes, valves,pumps, and the like) can be either integrally or removably incorporatedinto the apparatus;

[0076] (m) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus incorporating ahigh-emissivity surface, such as a matte black surface, which can beused to collect water at night by radiative condensation processes;

[0077] (n) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as a fermentor, which in conjunction with the distillation functionnoted above, allows the apparatus to produce high grade spirits forfuel, medicinal, and other purposes;

[0078] (o) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus for thedirectional amplification of sound;

[0079] (p) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus optionallyincorporating one or more pressure-deformable, planar, reflectivemembranes to allow the device to have a variable focal length;

[0080] (q) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as thermal shelter, incubator, hydropohic growing chamber,greenhouse, frost shield, and/or general shelter from inclement weatheror other environments elements (e.g., mosquitoes, other biting insects,dust, debris, sunlight, etc.);

[0081] (r) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as dehydrator, dryer, curing chamber, and/or sealed or vented workchamber;

[0082] (s) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as an optionally camouflaged wildlife viewing/hunting blind, animalcage, terrarium, aquarium, and/or aquatic growth chamber;

[0083] (t) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus which can beused as wind turbine to produce electrical and/or mechanical power;and/or

[0084] (u) to provide a portable multifunction apparatus optionallyincorporating one or more one-way valves to facilitate or enable use ofthe apparatus as a fluid pump.

[0085] A second main object of the invention is to provide amultifunction apparatus which optionally is extremely lightweight, fullycollapsible, and compactly foldable so as to greatly facilitate portageand storage, thereby providing a high performance apparatus which isideally suited to camping, backpacking, picnicking, boating, emergencyuse, disaster relief, and/or other situations (terrestrial orspace-based) for which high mass-specific and/or high volume-specificperformance is critical. Regarding portage and storage, specific (butoptional) objects of this invention are:

[0086] (a) to provide a multifunctional apparatus having a primarystructure comprised entirely of thin and/or very thin, high-strengthmembranes to minimize weight;

[0087] (b) to provide a multi-functional apparatus which is inflatable(i.e., rigidizable and/or otherwise deployable) by using pressurized gaswhich generally need not (but may) be carried with the device;

[0088] (c) to provide a multifunctional apparatus which is fullycollapsible and compactly foldable when not in use to minimize volume;

[0089] (d) to provide a multifunctional apparatus which, due to itsextremely low weight and stored (non-deployed) volume, yields very highmass-specific and volume-specific performance approximating 10000 wattsper kilogram and 10 megawatts per cubic meter, respectively, when usedterrestrially as a broad-spectrum solar concentrator; and/or

[0090] (e) to provide a multifunctional device having extremelylightweight and compact inflation valves, for example, valves made frommembranous material and including an interlocking tongue-and-groove(i.e. “Ziploc”-type), clamped or tied, or self-sealing type closuremechanism.

[0091] A third main object of the invention is to provide amultifunctional apparatus which optionally is safer to operate,transport, and/or store. Regarding safety, specific (but optional)objects of this invention are:

[0092] (a) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having anintegral safety cage (preferably inflatable or otherwise fullycollapsible) which forms a physical barrier around the focal point,thereby preventing accidental exposure to potentially dangerousconcentrations of electromagnetic radiation;

[0093] (b) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having anintegral safety cover to block radiation from striking the reflectivemembranes when the device is not in use, thereby preventing theformation of and, thus, the risk of accidental exposure to potentiallydangerous concentrations of electromagnetic radiation at or near thefocal point;

[0094] (c) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having anintegral reflector wrinkling mechanism for distorting the reflectivemembranes when not fully deployed (pressurized), thereby once againsubstantially preventing the formation of any unintentional, potentiallydangerous concentrations of electromagnetic energy;

[0095] (d) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having one ormore preformed parabolic reflective membranes, which limit the device tosubstantially fixed, short focal lengths, thereby enhancing safety bygiving the operator greater control of the location of the highlyconcentrated energy at the focal point;

[0096] (e) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having one ormore pre-formed, non-parabolic reflective membranes to limit the maximumdegree of energy concentration to lower and, thus, safer levels;

[0097] (f) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having one ormore means for off-axis light attenuation such as, for example, anoff-axis light attenuation grating for attenuating power when device ispositioned off-axis, and/or a darkened transparent film for attenuatingreflected light when viewing from a position substantially off-axis;

[0098] (g) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus having one ormore means for blocking and/or redirecting energy in proximity focalpoint so as to provide a quick power shutoff means and/or to capture andredirect stray electromagnetic rays (which also can improveperformance); and/or

[0099] (h) to provide a portable multifunctional apparatus havingredundant inflatable (or otherwise collapsible) support structures(e.g., independent pressure envelopes) to mitigate the risk ofcatastrophic collapse or other failure.

[0100] A fourth main object of the invention is to provide a portablemultifunctional apparatus that optionally is easier to deploy and/oroperate. Regarding ease of use, specific (but optional) objects of thisinvention are:

[0101] (a) to provide an apparatus having various integral securing andstorage features such as handles, apertured tabs, ties, weighting andstorage pouches (especially those which are lightweight, compact, andcan be made from extensions of the membranes out of which the apparatusis composed);

[0102] (b) to provide an apparatus having various integral accessoryhardware attachment devices such as devises, clips, brackets, sockets,hook-and-loop patches, and other common fastening mechanisms (especiallythose which are collapsible to facilitate portage and storage);

[0103] (c) to, provide an apparatus having various lightweight, portablemechanisms for supporting and orienting the device including, forexample, an inflatable adjustable dipody support, a stack of inflatabletapered support/leveling rings, and/or an inflatable (or otherwisecollapsible) spherical mounting element with a separate, optionallyinflatable (floating), support ring;

[0104] (d) to provide an apparatus having lightweight, portablemechanisms for holding various items and/or accoutrements at or near thefocal point including, for example, a collapsible, multipurposerotisserie/kettle support, a collapsible multi-leg focal point support,and/or an inflatable focal point support;

[0105] (e) to provide an apparatus having one or more pre-formed,pressure-deformable reflective membranes, which can be fully deployedusing significantly lower differential pressures across the membranesthan devices employing planar reflective membranes, thus facilitatingproper inflation;

[0106] (f) to provide an apparatus having integral or removably attachedorientating and alignment features, such as a visual alignment guide,inclinometer, level, and/or magnetic compass, to facilitate alignmentwith an electromagnetic source and/or target, and/or for orienting thedevice for other purposes;

[0107] (g) to provide an apparatus having a light/heat intensitycontroller such as a louver or iris mechanism which is manually orautomatically controlled;

[0108] (h) to provide an apparatus having various integrally orseparately attached electronic and/or mechanical elements to facilitatevarious applications including but not limited to photovoltaic cells,electrical batteries, electric pumps, fans, drivers, timers,thermostats, controllers, and/or other useful devices; and/or

[0109] (i) to provide an apparatus having a lightweight means f orautomated sun tracking.

[0110] A fifth main object of the invention is to provide a portablemultifunctional apparatus which optionally is more efficient, whereintwo pressure deformable membranes, are utilized to form a sub-ambientconcave-concave reflector chamber configuration, thereby eliminating theplurality of losses inherent in devices having one or more interveninglayers in the optical path, such as a transparent membrane of asuper-ambient reflector chamber, through which light must pass at leastonce on its way to or from the focal point.

[0111] A sixth main object of the invention is to provide a portablemultifunctional apparatus which optionally is highly economical byvirtue of its extremely simple, highly integrated construction, andwhich can thus be made universally available for both routine use aswell as educational purposes. Regarding economy, specific (but optional)objects of this invention are:

[0112] a) to provide a basic reflector apparatus (first and/or secondmain embodiment) made from a plurality of (generally four or more)sheets of thin, high-strength, high-elastic-modulus (preferably),commercially available material(s), plus the necessary valves, using asubstantially flat pattern fabrication method that greatly simplifiesmanufacturing tooling and processing, thereby reducing fabrication cost;

[0113] (b) to provide a basic reflector apparatus (second embodiment)which can be fabricated from as few as two thin sheets of high-strength,commercially available material (s), plus the necessary valves, usingsimple, well-established manufacturing processes; and/or

[0114] (c) to provide a modular field-deployable apparatus, wherein oneor more of its modules (or components thereof) are sized tosubstantially match (i.e., have the same size as) other modules (orcomponents thereof), so as to reduce fabrication cost by minimizing thenumber of different elements that need to be produced (but also toenhance versatility and facilitate repair).

[0115] A seventh main object of the invention is to provide a portablemultifunctional apparatus that is optionally highly drop tolerant,otherwise damage tolerant, and easy to repair in the event of damage.Regarding damage tolerance and reparability, specific (but optional)objects of this invention are:

[0116] (a) to provide an apparatus having one or more redundantreflector chambers such that if one reflector chamber is damaged, thedevice is still operable;

[0117] (b) to provide an apparatus constructed primarily of highlyflexible materials (optionally including multi-layered and/orfiber-reinforced composite materials which are puncture-resistant,tear-resistant, and/or abrasion resistant) such that the apparatus canbe dropped intentionally (e.g. air dropped), dropped unintentionally(i.e. accidentally), and/or otherwise be subjected to harsh operatingconditions yet sustain no appreciable damage; and/or

[0118] (c) to provide and apparatus having integral quick-repairmaterials (e.g., self-adhesive patches and the like).

[0119] An eighth main object of the invention is to provide a portablemultifunctional apparatus that is highly environmentally friendly byvirtue of the fact that the apparatus generally requires no fuel tooperate. Instead, the instant invention typically relies solely onradiating solar energy when used for heating, cooking, and the like,thereby minimizing air, water, and ground pollution. This is in starkcontrast to other common portable cooking and heating equipment, whichgenerally rely on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and, thus,inherently cause pollution through both combustion processes andunintentional fuel releases (e.g. spills, leaks, vapor releases, and thelike).

[0120] It is a further object of the invention to provide improvedelements and arrangements thereof for the purposes described which isinexpensive, dependable, and fully effective in accomplishing itsintended purposes.

[0121] These and other objects of the present invention will becomereadily apparent upon further review of the following specification anddrawings. However, it is once again emphasized that any particularembodiment or manifestation of the present invention need not performall such functions or otherwise meet all such objects of the presentinvention as noted herein, thus prompting the use the term “optional”and/or “optionally” when referring to the various objects of theinvention in several of the preceding paragraphs. Specifically, anyparticular embodiment of the present invention can be configured toperform and/or meet only a limited number (or subset) of these functionsand/or objects without departing from the basic nature of the invention.

BREIF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0122] FIGS. 1A-C are, respectively, a perspective view, a sideelevation cross-sectional view, and an exploded cross-sectional view ofa typical modular, inflatable, multi-function, field-deployableapparatus.

[0123] FIGS. 2A-B are, respectively, a top plan view and aside-elevation view of the basic inflatable reflector apparatus in acurrently preferred first embodiment configuration.

[0124]FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the basic inflatable reflectorapparatus showing various optional attachment means for attaching othermodules, for connecting other accessory elements, and/or for securingthe apparatus as exemplary of the various attachment means which alsomay be included in the other modules.

[0125]FIGS. 3A-3B are schematic cross-sectional views of the basic firstembodiment reflector apparatus being used to concentrate and project,respectively, radiant electromagnetic energy with its reflector chamberdeployed in sub-ambient mode.

[0126] FIGS. 3C-F are schematic cross-sectional views of the basic firstembodiment reflector apparatus being used to manipulate radiantelectromagnetic energy with its reflector chamber deployed insuper-ambient mode.

[0127] FIGS. 4A-B are, respectively, a top plan view and aside-elevation view of the basic inflatable reflector apparatus in asecond embodiment configuration.

[0128] FIGS. 4C-I are diametrical cross-section views of the basicinflatable reflector apparatus in a second embodiment configurationillustrating the operation of various preferred and alternate reflectorchamber configurations.

[0129] FIGS. 5A-C are, respectively, a perspective view, a diametricalcross-sectional view, and a partial cross-sectional view of a modifiedbasic first embodiment reflector apparatus having a removably attachedcentral pressure-deformable membrane.

[0130] FIGS. 6A-B are, respectively, schematic diametric cross-sectionalviews of alternate first and second embodiment reflector apparatuseshaving a removably attached reflector chamber.

[0131] FIGS. 6C-D are partial schematic diametric cross-sectional viewsof a typical attachment means for securing a removably attachablereflector chamber to the toroid.

[0132] FIGS. 7A-B are schematic diametric cross-sectional views ofalternate basic first embodiment reflector apparatuses having detuned(i.e., non-parabolic) reflective membranes which are pre-formed,respectively, into spherical and non-spherical surfaces-of-revolution.

[0133] FIGS. 8A-B are, respectively, a schematic top plan view and aschematic diametric cross-sectional view of an alternate basic firstembodiment reflector apparatus having a detuned reflective membranepre-formed into the shape of a radially undulating (or radially stepped)surface of revolution.

[0134] FIGS. 9A-D are schematic top plan views and schematic diametriccross-sectional views of alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatuses having a detuned reflective membrane pre-formed into theshape of a radially undulating. (or radially stepped) surface ofrevolution.

[0135] FIGS. 10A-B are a schematic top plan view and schematic diametriccross-sectional view of an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus having a detuned reflective membrane comprising a plurality(e.g., twelve) of pre-formed, wedge-shaped dimples optionally supportedby an underlying radial support grid (i.e., a plurality of radial cords,wires, cables, or the like).

[0136] FIGS. 11A-H are several schematic top plan views and a schematicdiametric cross-sectional view of alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatuses having a detuned reflective membrane comprising aplurality of pre-formed dimples in substantially hexagonal, circular,annular, or rectangular arrays, optionally supported by an underlyingsupport grid.

[0137] FIGS. 12A-D are schematic top plan views and schematic diametriccross-sectional views of alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatuses having a detuned reflective membrane comprising a pluralityof generally wedge-shaped facets.

[0138] FIGS. 13A-D are schematic top plan views and schematic diametriccross-sectional views of alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatuses having a detuned composite reflective membrane comprising aplurality of conical facets.

[0139] FIGS. 14A-F are several schematic top plan views and a schematicdiametric cross-sectional view of alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatuses having a detuned composite reflective membranecomprising a plurality of substantially planar facets in substantiallycircular, annular, or triangular arrays.

[0140] FIGS. 15A-B are a schematic top plan view and a schematicdiametric cross-sectional view of an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus having a detuned faceted reflective membrane whichis alternately deployed via a plurality of internal ribs of sheetsbonded to an opposing membrane.

[0141] FIGS. 16A-B are a schematic top plan view and a schematicdiametric cross-sectional view of an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus having a detuned reflective membrane, wherein acentral inflatable pressure envelop is disposed between the upper andlower pressure-deformable membranes to mildly distort the reflectivemembrane.

[0142] FIGS. 17A-B are a schematic top plan view and a schematicdiametric cross-sectional view of an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus having a dual-focal-point, detuned reflectivemembrane resulting in a device having two useable focal points.

[0143] FIGS. 18A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used as a broad-spectrum electromagnetic(e.g., solar) energy concentrator for cooking, heating, energizing, andthe like.

[0144] FIGS. 19A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used as a high-gain antenna to facilitateor enable electronic communications.

[0145] FIGS. 20A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used to manipulate visible-spectrumradiation (i.e., light) to enhance vision, communicate by light signals,and the like.

[0146] FIGS. 21A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used as a compliant support, shelter, andthe like.

[0147] FIGS. 22A-C are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used as a water collection, storage, andprocessing apparatus.

[0148] FIGS. 23A-N are schematic cross-sectional views, frontelevational views, and side elevational views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used as part of a wind turbine apparatusfor generating mechanical and/or electrical power.

[0149] FIGS. 24A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus being used for miscellaneous functions,including, respectively, use as a high-gain directionalsound-amplification device, use as a fermentation apparatus, use as asieve or filter, and use as a floating aquatic chamber.

[0150] FIGS. 25A-D are schematic cross-sectional views of the modularmulti-function apparatus illustrating alternate methods of constructingthe inflatable spherical support and the inflatable safety shield.

[0151]FIG. 26 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternatemodular inflatable multi-function apparatus comprising a reflectivemembrane integrated with low-inflation-volume combination sphericalsupport and focal point support.

[0152] FIGS. 27A-D are schematic perspective views illustrating variousalternate safety cages (i.e., truss-like safety shields with optionalsafety nets).

[0153] FIGS. 28A-D are schematic cross-sectional views a basicinflatable reflector apparatus being supported by a plurality ofinflatable tapered support and leveling rings.

[0154] FIGS. 29A-D are schematic perspective views illustrating variousalternate combination/dual-use safety cages and device supports.

[0155] FIGS. 30A-B are schematic perspective views illustrating variousalternate combination/dual-use safety cages and device supports.

[0156] FIGS. 31A-D are a schematic perspective views and three schematiccross-sectional views illustrating various alternate collapsiblecombination safety cage and device supports shown supporting removablereflector chambers.

[0157] FIGS. 32A-H are schematic perspective views illustrating variousalternate cable-stayed focal point support.

[0158] FIGS. 33A-B are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating theuse of a waveguide with a super-ambient-pressurized first embodimentbasic reflector apparatus.

[0159] FIGS. 34A-D are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating theuse a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus as a fluid pump.

[0160] FIGS. 35A-E are schematic perspective views and schematiccross-section views illustrating the use of additional accessorymembranes for both enhanced water collection and use as a shelter.

[0161]FIG. 36 is a schematic perspective view of a modified firstembodiment reflector apparatus further including optional accessoryelements, such as a peripheral gutter, for facilitating the collectionand storage of water.

[0162]FIG. 37 is a schematic perspective view of a modified firstembodiment reflector apparatus configured as a portable sealed workchamber.

[0163] FIGS. 38A-B are schematic perspective views of a modified firstembodiment reflector apparatus further including self-supportingsingle-axis and dual-axis means for tracking the sun.

[0164] FIGS. 39A-C are schematic perspective views of a modified firstembodiment reflector apparatus further including suspended single-axisand dual-axis means for tracking the sun.

[0165] FIGS. 40A-D are schematic perspective views of a typical,substantially polymeric, multi-layer, composite materials from which theapparatus can be constructed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0166] FIGS. 1A-C: Modular Inflatable Multifunction Apparatus

[0167]FIG. 1A depicts a typical modular, inflatable, multifunction,field-deployable apparatus ______ comprising as its primary functionalelement a basic inflatable multifunction reflector apparatus ______ in apreferred first embodiment configuration, which is supported on itslower side by a removably attached inflatable spherical support ______movably couched within a separate inflatable toroidal ring ______, andwhich supports on its upper side a removably attached inflatable safetyshield ______ or cage that further supports a removably attachedcable-stayed support ______ for holding various materials and/oraccessory elements ______ in proximity to the focal point ______ of thebasic reflector apparatus.

[0168] In addition to the safety shield ______, two other safety meansare shown for protecting the user from accidental exposure topotentially dangerous, high concentrations of electromagnetic energy ator near the focal point. First, a removably attached inflatableprotective safety cover ______ is shown attached to the upper potion ofthe safety cage ______ in a deployed (inflated) condition. Theprotective safety cover can be quickly deployed to either attenuate theamount of electromagnetic energy striking the reflector ______ when theapparatus is being used, or to fully block such electromagneticradiation when the apparatus is not in use. Second, a protective safetynet or mesh ______ is shown attached to the upper portion of the safetyshield ______ to restrict non-deliberate physical access to the focalpoint. Note that the safety net ______ also can be used to provide aconvenient support for a partially or fully deployed safety cover______, and to structurally stabilize or reinforce the upper end of thesafety shield ______.

[0169] Additionally, safety is further enhanced by a plurality ofstabilizing cables ______ or lines, which are shown connecting themovable upper portion of the modular apparatus to the surface (e.g.,ground) upon which the lower support ring ______ of the apparatus ______is resting.

[0170] Regarding physical construction, briefly note that each module ofthe apparatus typically is principally constructed from one or more thinflexible (e.g., pressure deformable) membranes, one or more lightweightinflatable structures, and/or other flexible structural elements, suchas cables, lines, nets, and the like. In addition, each of theinflatable and/or otherwise pressure-deployable modules contains one ormore inflation or pressure adjusting means such as the simple plug-typevalves ______ as shown; however, a variety of other well-known inflationor pressure adjusting means may be employed including, for example,manual or automatic pumps, pressurized gas canisters, and the like.Further, to enable the various modules of the modular apparatus tooperate as a unit, each module typically includes one or more attachmentmeans ______ for attaching the module to other modules, for attachingaccessory elements, and/or for securing and stabilizing the apparatus asnoted above.

[0171]FIG. 1B depicts the modular field-deployable apparatus ______shown in cross-section concentrating radiant electromagnetic rays ______(e.g., solar radiation), to heat an energy-absorbing accessory element______, such as a pot, kettle, oven, and the like, suspended inproximity to the focal point ______ via a cable-stayed support ______.Note that the movable upper portion of the modular apparatus ispositioned or couched within in the lower support ring to substantiallyalign the focal axis ______ of the basic reflector module ______ withthe incoming solar radiation ______. The safety cover ______ is shownpartially deployed and secured with ties ______ (or other attachmentmeans), thereby providing an adjustable means for attenuating (i.e.,reducing) the amount of concentrated radiant energy impinging upon theelement held in proximity to the focal point.

[0172]FIG. 1C depicts an exploded cross-sectional view of the modularfield-deployable apparatus ______ illustrating in greater clarity itsprimary modules and their basic physical constructions. Such modularconstruction allows the apparatus to be readily reconfigured by the userin the field to perform other user-selected functions, as will be shownhereinbelow. Further, such modular construction enhances safety byproviding redundant structures, thereby effectively mitigating the riskof catastrophic collapse of the apparatus.

[0173] Is should be noted that each of the primary modules of apparatus______ may optionally comprise a plurality of user-selected,user-detachable sub-modules. For example, as shown hereinbelow, thebasic reflector apparatus ______ may alternatively have one or moreremovable central membranes and/or a removable reflector chamber toincrease versatility of the basic reflector apparatus ______ and/ormodular apparatus ______. As another example, the inflatable safety cagemodule ______ is shown as having a plurality (e.g., three) of removablyattached, individually inflated, toroidal rings. This multi-ringconfiguration also promotes versatility in that the rings can beseparated and/or alternately combined with other elements of theapparatus to serve other functions, for example, use as water flotationdevices. Note that the use of multiple, separately inflated rings forthe safety shield also provides an effective means for mitigating therisk of rapid catastrophic collapse.

[0174] It should be further noted that the various modules and/orcomponents thereof (i.e., sub-modules) are shown preferably sized, wherepossible, to substantially match the size of one or more other modulesand/or components of the present apparatus, both to reduce fabricationcost, and to permit similarly sized modules or components to be easilyinterchanged to increase versatility and/or facilitate maintenance.

[0175] The invention also contemplates that one or more of the primarymodules of the overall modular apparatus may be integrally attached and,optionally, simultaneously-inflated by providing interconnecting gasports between the integrally attached modules. Although such integrationand interconnection may reduce structural redundancy, safety maynonetheless be enhanced, for example, by causing the safety shield bedeployed simultaneously with the reflector apparatus. The inventionfurther contemplates various alternate configurations for each of itsprimary modules, several examples of which will be shown hereinbelow.

[0176] FIGS. 2A-C Description of the Basic Inflatable ReflectorApparatus—First Embodiment

[0177]FIGS. 2A and 2B depict a currently preferred first embodimentconfiguration of the basic inflatable reflector apparatus 10, which isillustrated as an inflated toroid or ring support element 12 having acircular cross-section and supporting an upper frontal reflectivemembrane 14 and a lower transparent reflective membrane 16. The twocentral reflective membranes 14, 16 in conjunction with the innerportion of the toroidal ring support element 12 provide a centralreflector chamber (i.e. pressure envelope) 20 with a double parabolic,concave-concave configuration when inflated to a sub-ambient pressure,i.e. deployed in sub-ambient mode. The membranes 14, 16 each have acentered inflation valve 18 as an example of a pressure-adjusting orinflation means for inflating the reflector chamber 20. The inflatabletoroidal ring support element 12 also has a valve 18 as an example of aninflation means for inflating the ring support element to form a rigidring. It should be noted that by utilizing the inner portion of the ringsupport element as an integral part of the reflector chamber, the firstembodiment device 10 can be manufactured very economically from aminimum number of pieces.

[0178] The toroidal ring support element 12 is fabricated from twosheets 13, which are substantially flat and annular prior to inflation,and which are adhesively or thermally bonded to each other alongcontinuous seams 22 at their inner and outer periphery to form a toroidupon inflation, as one example of forming the toroid. The two sheets 13comprising the toroid 12 are made of a high-strain-capable material,i.e., a material having high strength and low elastic modulus, such asvinyl, which is necessary for allowing the inner potion of a toroidfabricated from flat annular sheets to strain (i.e., stretch)sufficiently so as not to impede full inflation of the toroidal ringsupport element 12.

[0179] The central pressure-deformable membranes 14, 16 are made fromthin circular sheets of high-strength, flexible material such as nylonor Mylar®, a polyethylene terephthalate plastic composition. Reflectivesurface 24 is provided by preferably coating the outer side of themembrane 14 with vapor deposited aluminum and the like reflectivematerial. The reflective membrane 14 is thermally or otherwisepre-formed during fabrication into the shape of a paraboloid to providea short, fixed focal length for safety purposes and to reduce thedifferential pressure required to fully deform and smooth the reflectivemembrane 14, thus facilitating deployment as well as reducing the loadsimposed on the support ring by the reflective membrane (mechanicalloads) and the reflector chamber (pressure loads). The transparentmembrane 16 optionally may also be preformed to reduce the load itimposes on the support ring. Seams 22 are shown for adhesively orthermally bonding the periphery of the central membranes 14, 16 to thetoroid 12 at or near what will become circular lines of tangency betweenthe central membranes 14, 16 and the toroidal ring support element 12upon inflation.

[0180] Numerous alternate toroid configurations can be incorporated(i.e., substituted) into the basic first embodiment device as describedabove. FIG. 2A shows that the toroidal ring support element 12 has acircular planform; however, it is noted that the invention can bepracticed using other types of supports including those havinghexagonal, square, rectangular, elliptical, and other planforms. (Notethat planforms having at least one substantially linear peripheral edgemay prove useful for orienting and/or stabilizing the apparatus.)Furthermore, the simple two-sheet construction of the toroid asdescribed above may be replaced with various alternate toroidal ringsupport elements offering greater performance and stability butgenerally at the expense of somewhat greater complexity. For example,the toroid optionally may be fabricated from a plurality (e.g.,generally four or more) flat annular sheets of high modulus material,such as described in our previous (cross-referenced) applications, whichalso describe several other alternate configurations. Additionally, itshould be noted that the invention is not intended to be limited to thespecific materials and/or configurations as specified above for thetoroid. Depending on the configuration, the toroid can be made from anysuitably flexible material, including various other substantiallypolymeric material's, including monolithic, layered, and/orfiber-reinforced composite material.

[0181] Similarly, numerous alternate central pressure-deformablemembrane configurations can be incorporated (i.e. substituted) into thebasic first embodiment device as described above. For example, theinvention can be practiced using planar (i.e. non-pre-formed)pressure-deformable reflective membranes to yield a device capable ofproviding a variable focal length as' a function of the differentialpressure imposed across the reflective membrane 14. Furthermore, the useof pre-formed, non-parabolic reflective membranes (e.g. reflectivemembranes having surfaces which are spherical, undulating, dimpled,faceted, or which comprise a series of conic sections, and the like) iscontemplated to limit the maximum degree of concentration to furtherenhance safety and/or to provide more uniform heating. The invention canalso employ a redundant reflective membrane such as described in ourprevious cross-referenced applications (e.g., the transparent membranecan be replaced with a reflective membrane to provide a second reflectorhaving optionally similar or significantly different optical properties,such as focal length). It should be noted that the invention is notintended to be limited to the specific materials and/or configurationsas specified above for the central pressure-deformable membranes.Similar to the toroid, depending on the configuration, the centralmembranes can also be made from any suitably flexible material, forexample, other substantially polymeric materials, including monolithic,layered, and/or fiber-reinforced composite materials. Additionally, thereflective surface can be provided by a plastic reflective membrane,which alternatively has reflective particles homogeneously incorporated,or which contains an integral conductive wire or mesh, all of which tendto selectively reflect or filter the impinging radiation. Also, thedevice may optionally incorporate membranes having other arbitrary butuseful optical properties such as selective transparency, translucency,opacity, color, texture, and/or polarization for practical and/orartistic applications.

[0182] Regarding valves, note that the pre-formed pressure-deployablecentral membranes are shown as having a funnel-shaped region surroundingthe centered inflation valve to facilitate fluid collection. Membranousvalves may also me employed, including those having self-sealing meanssuch as used in toy balloons, or Ziploc® type tongue-and groove sealingmeans.

[0183] To fully deploy the basic first embodiment device 10 insub-ambient mode as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the device, which istypically compactly folded for portage and storage, is first unfolded togain access to the inflation valves 18. Subsequently, the toroidal ringsupport element 12 is inflated to a super-ambient pressure to rigidizethe ring support element 12 as is necessary to properly support andtension the central membranes 14, 16. The reflector chamber 20 is theninflated to a sub-ambient pressure (as is required for mostapplications) to deform and smooth the reflective membrane 14 into aconcave substantially parabolic reflector. Finally, the focal axis ofthe parabolic reflective membrane is appropriately oriented toward theenergy source and/or target, as required for a particular application ormode of operation. As previously noted, the first main embodimentdevice-10 can also be deployed in super-ambient mode as shown later inthis document.

[0184]FIG. 2C depicts a currently preferred first embodimentconfiguration of the basic inflatable multi-function reflector apparatus10 further including various optional accessory attachment means forattaching other modules, for connecting other accessory elements, and/orfor securing and stabilizing the apparatus. A pair of handles 32 arepositioned diametrically on the sides of the toroid 12. An apertured tab34 is provided on a side equidistantly between the handles 32 forhanging up when in storage or the like. A pair of tying or hangingstraps 36 are attached on either side of the apertured tab 34. A storagepouch 38 is provided for storing the deflated and folded apparatus 10. Apair of bottom pouches 40 is provided for filling with dense material tostabilize an upright apparatus 10. It should be noted that theseappendages can be incorporated into the device in any useful quantity,location, and combination thereof. It should also be noted that each ofthese appendages is highly amenable to fabrication from thin membranematerials to minimize size and weight to facilitate portage and storage,and that each can be fabricated fully or in part from extensions of thecentral membranes 14, 16 and/or the membranes comprising the toroidalsupport element 12 to facilitate manufacturing.

[0185]FIG. 2C also depicts other various optional attachment deviceswhich are generally rigid or semi-rigid, but which are preferablycollapsible to facilitate portage and storage. Examples include aclevis, shackle, clip or bracket 54 for attaching various accessoryelements including, for example, a support rod 56 or a line.Hook-and-loop fastening-patches 58 and a mounting stud 60 are alsoprovided for attaching various accessory elements. A centered socket 62is shown in the upper frontal reflective membrane 14 for supportingother accessory elements including, for example, an antenna 64.

[0186] It should be noted that any of these attachment devices can beincorporated into the basic reflector apparatus 10 (or any other module,sub-module, and/or accessory elements of the present invention,including any alternate embodiments or configurations thereof) in anyuseful quantity, location, and combination thereof. Further, one or moreof these attachment means may be combined or otherwise integrated withother various features of the present invention to facilitatemanufacture or for other purposes. For example, an inflation valve 18may be combined with a mounting bracket 54, hook-and-loop fasteningpatches 58, a socket 62, or the like.

[0187] FIGS. 3A-F Operation of the Basic Inflatable ReflectorApparatus—First Embodiment

[0188]FIG. 3A depicts the first main embodiment device 10 deployed insub-ambient mode as an electromagnetic radiant ray concentrator havingthe focal axis of the pre-formed parabolic reflective membrane 14oriented toward the sun (not shown). The radiant solar rays 28 arereflected by the pre-formed parabolic reflective membrane 14 to focus onan energy-absorbing object (not shown) placed at the focal point 26.

[0189] Regarding the instant device's ability to capture and concentrateelectromagnetic radiation, it should first be noted that a devicedeployed in sub-ambient mode allows the electromagnetic rays to travelunobstructed to and from the reflector, thus providing superior captureefficiency relative to much of the prior art as well as the second mainembodiment of the instant invention (capture efficiency is definedherein as the portion of the incoming radiant energy that is deliveredto the focal point and local surrounding area). As an example, whenoperated in sub-ambient mode as a terrestrially-based solar concentratoras shown in FIG. 3A, the first main embodiment device has an effectivecapture efficiency exceeding 90%, which is limited only by thereflective efficiency of the membrane and the transmission anddispersion characteristics of the surrounding atmosphere. Second,although a reflective parabolic surface is the ideal geometry forreflecting all incoming parallel radiant rays to the focal point and,thus, producing extremely high theoretical concentrations of energy,the-ability of the instant device to concentrate energy is limited byseveral factors including, but not limited to, the geometric precisionof the reflective membrane and, hence, its supporting toroidal ringsupport element, the capture efficiency of the device as noted above,the apparent finite angular diameter of the source (e.g. the sun), andthe wavelength of the radiation relative to the diameter of thereflector. Despite these and other limiting factors, a preciselyconstructed first embodiment device used as a terrestrially-based solarconcentrator has the ability to concentrate sunlight by factors inexcess of 10,000.

[0190] Regarding safety, as one consequence of having a pre-formedreflective membrane 14, the device has a fixed focal length, i.e. thefocal point is located at a substantially fixed distance from thereflective membrane along the focal axis of reflector 14. This fixedfocal length greatly enhances safety by allowing the user to maintaingreater control of the location of any potentially dangerous highconcentrations of electromagnetic radiation at the focal point. A secondconsequence of employing thermally or otherwise pre-formed reflectivemembranes is that pre-forming allows the reflectors to achievesignificantly shorter focal lengths than is practical usingnon-pre-formed, planar membranes due to the limited ability of planarmembranes to elastically deform. The very short focal lengths achievedby such deeply pre-formed reflective membranes further enhance safety byproviding the user with even greater control over the location of theconcentrated electromagnetic radiation.

[0191]FIG. 3B depicts a first main embodiment device 10 deployed insub-ambient mode as a radiant ray projector with the same reflectorstructure 20 as shown in FIG. 3A, but projecting a collimated beam ofthe electromagnetic rays from a non-collimated light source (not shown)such as a light bulb, lamp, or candle placed at the focal point 26 to adistant object (not shown). It should be noted that the selection of theconcentrating or projecting mode depends on the position of the light orother electromagnetic source relative to the focal point of the device.

[0192] It should be further noted that the focal axis of the pre-formedparabolic reflective membrane 14, as depicted in FIGS. 3A and 3B, iscoincident with the axis-of-revolution of the toroidal support element12, thereby causing the focal point of the device to be aligned with theaxis-of-revolution of the toroid and, thus, to be located directly abovethe center of the reflective membrane. However, one or both of thereflective membranes 14, 16 may be pre-formed and/or attached to thetoroid support element 12 in such a manner that the focal point of thedevice 10 is located off the axis-of-revolution of the support ring 12.Note that such “off-axis” reflectors can facilitate orientating thedevice relative to the energy source and/or target for certainapplications.

[0193]FIG. 3C depicts the basic first embodiment reflector apparatus 10being used to concentrate radiant electromagnetic energy 28 with itsreflector chamber 20 alternatively deployed in super-ambient mode (i.e.,the reflector chamber is inflated to a super-ambient pressure tooutwardly deploy the reflective membrane). Note that central membranes14, 16 are pre-formed such that the focal point is located substantiallyat the surface of the transparent membrane 16 of the super-ambientpressurized reflector chamber 20, thereby allowing the transparentmembrane 16 to directly support a suitable electromagnetic accessorydevice (not shown) in proximity to the focal point.

[0194]FIG. 3D depicts a first-main embodiment device 10 deployed insuper-ambient mode as a radiant ray diffuser with the same reflectorstructure 20 as shown in FIG. 3C, but used alternatively as a convexmirror, such as for expanding the user's field of view for surveillanceor safety. More specifically, the apparatus can serve as an economicalfield-deployable convex mirror, which can be used, for example, to allowa vehicle operator to see around a blind corner.

[0195]FIG. 3E depicts a modified basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus 10 being used to concentrate radiant electromagnetic energywith its reflector chamber 20 deployed in super-ambient mode, whereinthe central membranes 14, 16 are pre-deformed such that the focal point26 is located within the super-ambient pressurized reflector chamber 20.

[0196]FIG. 3F depicts a modified basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus 10 being used to concentrate radiant electromagnetic energywith its reflector chamber 20 deployed in super-ambient mode, whereinthe central membranes 14, 16 are pre-deformed such that the focal point26 is located outside the super-ambient pressurized reflector chamber20.

[0197] FIGS. 4A-I Description and Operation of the Basic InflatableReflector Apparatus—Second Embodiment

[0198] In FIGS. 4A and 4B, the second main embodiment device 386 isillustrated as an inflated toroid or ring support element 400 supportingan upper transparent membrane 388 and a lower reflective membrane 390.The transparent membrane 388 and reflective membrane 390 provide acentral reflector chamber (i.e. pressure envelope) 392 with a doubleparabolic convex-convex lens configuration when inflated to asuper-ambient pressure. The transparent membrane 388 has a centeredinflation valve 18 for inflating the reflector chamber 392; however, itis noted that the inflation valve 18 may alternatively be located at anyother useful location such as in the reflective membrane 390. Theinflatable toroidal support element 400 also has a valve 18 forinflation to form a rigid ring. Two valves are shown for separateinflation of the ring support 400 and the reflector chamber 392;however, it is noted that the two pressure envelopes (the toroid 400 andthe reflector chamber 392) can be interconnected, thereby allowing bothsuper-ambient pressure envelopes to be inflated with a single valve 18.

[0199] The toroidal support element 400 is fabricated from two thinsheets 401 of material, each of which is fully pre-formed into the shapeof a half toroid and adhesively or thermally bonded to each other alongcontinuous seams 22 at their inner and outer periphery, as one exampleof forming the toroid. The two sheets 401 comprising the toroid 400 aremade of a flexible, high-strength material capable of being thermally orotherwise pre-formed, such as vinyl, nylon, and the like.

[0200] The transparent membrane 388 is made from a thin circular sheetof transparent, high-strength, flexible material such as Mylar® orNylon. The reflective membrane 390 is also made from a thin circularsheet of high-strength, flexible material such as Mylar® or Nylon;however, a reflective surface 24 is provided by coating the inner side(preferred, but not necessary if the uncoated membrane material isotherwise transparent) of the membrane 390 with vapor deposited aluminumand the like reflective material. The reflective membrane 390 ispre-formed during fabrication substantially into the shape of aparaboloid to provide a substantially fixed, short focal length forsafety purposes, and to reduce the differential pressure required tofully deform and smooth the reflective membranes 390 to facilitatedeployment. The transparent membrane 388 is optionally also pre-formed,primarily to reduce loads imparted on the support ring; however, thetransparent membrane 388 also can be pre-formed for other purposes, suchas to facilitate supporting an accessory element in close proximity tothe focal point as will be shown below. However, the transparentmembrane need not be pre-formed (or it can be pre-formed to a differentextent than the reflective membrane), thus yielding an asymmetricalreflector chamber. Seams 22 are shown for adhesively or thermallybonding the outer periphery of the reflective and transparent membranes388, 390 to the inner edge of the toroid 400. This basic, four-sheet,fully pre-formed construction represents a first species 398 of thesecond main embodiment device 386.

[0201] Similar to the first embodiment, it should be noted that severalalternate toroid, central membrane, and valve configurations can beincorporated (i.e. substituted) into the basic second embodiment deviceas described above. In addition to having alternate plan forms, thesimple two-sheet toroidal support element 400 as described above may bereplaced with alternate support rings offering greater performanceand/or stability, but generally at the expense of somewhat greatercomplexity. However, such alternate support ring configurations for thesecond embodiment are limited to those particular configurations whereinthe portion of the support ring to which the reflector chamber is bondeddoes not move appreciably in the radial direction upon inflation.Otherwise, either the reflector chamber will generally restrict properinflation of the toroid resulting in a buckled ring structure, or theinflated ring will not properly tension the perimeter of the reflectivemembrane. Numerous alternate membrane configurations can be incorporated(i.e. substituted) into the basic second embodiment device as describedabove including membranes having any of the alternate shapes, functionalcharacteristics, optical properties, constructions, and materials asnoted for the first embodiment. The many optional valves or otherinflation means available for the first embodiment are also availablefor the second embodiment. Note that our previous (cross-referenced)applications describe several useful alternate configurations for thetoroid, membranes, valves, and other elements, all of which aregenerally applicable to the present invention.

[0202]FIG. 4C depicts the second main embodiment 386 in anelectromagnetic radiant ray concentrating mode having the transparentmembrane 388 facing the sun (not shown). The radiant solar rays 28 areillustrated as passing through the transparent membrane 388 to thereflective membrane 390, which then reflects the rays back through thetransparent membrane 388 to focus on an energy-absorbing object 394placed at the focal point of the device 386. Although the figure showsthe focal point to be outside of the reflector chamber, it should benoted that the reflective and transparent membranes can each bepre-formed or otherwise deformed to any predetermined shape or extent(e.g., deeply pre-formed, moderately pre-farmed, non-pre-formed, etc.)such that the focal point alternatively is located inside the reflectivechamber such as shown in FIG. 4D, or at the surface of the transparentmembrane, such as shown in FIG. 4E. However, the reader is cautionedthat the latter case should be restricted to low-power (e.g., radiofrequency) applications to prevent the possibility of thermally orotherwise damaging the transparent membrane and/or any integral orremovable elements attached to the surface of the transparent membraneat or near the focal point. Additionally, by pre-forming the reflectivemembrane and transparent membrane to different extents, an asymmetricalreflector chamber is provided. For example, FIG. 4F shows a modifiedapparatus ______ having a deeply pre-formed reflective membrane ______and a slightly pre-formed transparent membrane ______ to yield anasymmetrical reflector chamber ______ having a very short focal length.In contrast, FIG. 4G shows a modified apparatus ______ having a slightlypre-formed reflective membrane ______ and a deeply pre-formedtransparent membrane ______ to yield an asymmetrical reflector chamber______ having a relatively long focal length.

[0203]FIG. 4H depicts the basic second embodiment reflector apparatus______, wherein the attachment means ______ for the central reflectorchamber ______ is offset or displaced from the inner periphery of thetoroidal support ring ______ to accommodate a larger reflective membrane______.

[0204]FIG. 4I depicts a modified basic second embodiment reflectorapparatus ______, wherein the attachment means ______ for the centralmembranes ______ of the reflector chamber ______ are offset or displacedin opposite directions from the inner periphery of the toroidal supportring to accommodate a still larger reflective membrane ______. Note thatthis configuration is similar to that of the first embodiment exceptthat the transparent membrane is highly pre-deformed to an extent thatthe apparatus of FIG. 4I cannot operate in sub-ambient mode (i.e., thecentral membranes would experience significant interference).

[0205] FIGS. 5A-C Removable Central Membranes

[0206] FIGS. 5A-C depict a modified first embodiment basic reflectorapparatus ______ having a removable upper central membrane ______, whichis removably attached via a quick attachment and sealing means ______,such as a tongue-and-groove fastening mechanism ______, to the toroid______. FIG. 5C shows the removable membrane ______ having an affixedintegrated multi-tongue element ______ inserted into a multi-grooveelement affixed to the toroid ______. The use of multiple tongues andgrooves provides structural and sealing redundancy; however, a singletongue-and-grove can be used to promote economy. The lower centralmembrane optionally may also be removably attached by such means. Notethat such means for removably attaching the central membranes allows theuser to remove or replace the membranes to enable the apparatus toperform other functions, or to replace a membrane in the event ofdamage. To facilitate replacement, the removable central membranes andthe toroid can optionally further include complementary visual and/ormechanical alignment features (not shown) such as indicia, positioningtabs, studs, alignment holes, snaps, and the like.

[0207] FIGS. 6A-D Removable Reflector Chamber

[0208]FIG. 6A depicts an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a removably attached sub-ambient/super-ambientpressurizable reflector chamber ______.

[0209]FIG. 6B depicts of an alternate basic second embodiment reflectorapparatus having a removably attached super-ambient-pressurizablereflector chamber.

[0210]FIG. 6C depicts a typical hook or clip-type attachment means______ for quickly securing a removably attachable reflector chamber ofthe first embodiment type ______ to the toroidal support ring ______.FIG. 6D depicts a similar hook or clip-type attachment means ______ forsecuring a removably attachable reflector chamber of the secondembodiment type ______ to the toroidal support ring ______. It is notedthat other common means can be employed to attach such removablereflector chambers including, for example, one or more attachment meanssimilar to those previously shown in FIG. 2C (e.g., hook-and-looppatches, a plurality of discrete mounting studs with correspondingapertures, and the like)

[0211]FIGS. 7A-17B Alternate Detuned Reflective Membranes

[0212]FIG. 7A depicts an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a detuned (i.e., non-parabolic) reflectivemembrane ______, (first species, first sub-species) wherein thereflective membrane ______ is pre-formed to have a spherical surfacecontour. Note that the rays ______ do not converge at a single point,thereby limiting the degree of concentration to enhance safety.

[0213]FIG. 7B depicts an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a detuned (i.e., non-parabolic) reflectivemembrane ______ (first species, second sub-species) wherein thereflective membrane ______ is pre-formed to have a surface contourcomprising a surface-of-revolution of non-constant radius.

[0214]FIGS. 8A and 8B depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______(first species, third sub-species), wherein the reflective membrane______ is pre-formed into the shape of a radially undulating (orradially stepped) surface of revolution. Again, FIG. 8B shows that therays do not converge at a single point.

[0215]FIGS. 9A and 9B depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______(second species, first sub-species), wherein the reflective membrane______ is pre-formed into a circumferentially undulating or scallopedshape having an even number (e.g., two) of circumferential peaks ______and troughs ______. Similarly, FIGS. 9C and 9D depict an alternate basicfirst embodiment reflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflectivemembrane ______ (second species, second sub-species), wherein thereflective membrane ______ is pre-formed into a circumferentiallyundulating or scalloped shape having an odd number (e.g., three) ofcircumferential peaks ______ and troughs ______. In FIGS. 9B and 9D, theelectromagnetic rays shown dashed ______ represent rays in the plane ofthe cross-section, and the dotted lines ______ represent rays out of theplane of the cross-section. Note that the reflector of FIG. 9B tends toproduce a vertically dispersed ray concentration pattern, whereas thereflector of FIG. 9D tends to produce a horizontally dispersed orannular ray concentration pattern. Note that any number of peaks andtroughs may be incorporated into such circumferentially undulating orscalloped membranes.

[0216] FIGS. 10A-B depict an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______ (thirdspecies, first sub-species), wherein the reflective membrane comprises aplurality (e.g., twelve) of pre-formed, wedge-shaped dimples ______optionally supported by an underlying radial support grid ______ (i.e.,a plurality of radial cords, wires, cables, or the like). FIG. 10B showsthat the electromagnetic rays ______ reflected by each dimple form adiffuse, substantially linear focal locus ______ prior to diffuselyconverging in proximity to the primary focal axis ______ of thereflector ______.

[0217]FIGS. 11A and 11B depicts an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______(third species, second sub-species), wherein the reflective membrane______ incorporates a plurality (e.g., eighteen) of large pre-formedsubstantially circular and/or elliptical dimples ______, which aregenerally arranged in a staggered pattern or array, such as asubstantially hexagonal lattice, to maximize packing density, andfurther optionally including a plurality (e.g., twelve) of smallerdimples ______ (not shown) disposed around the larger dimples ______ tofurther minimize the non-dimpled area of the detuned reflectivemembrane. An optional underlying mesh ______ may be used to supportand/or reinforce the dimpled reflective membrane; however, as will beshown below, a support grid or mesh is required for membranes havingdimples which substantially comprise the entire surface of the membrane.

[0218]FIGS. 11C-11H depict various other dimpling patterns for dimpleddetuned reflectors. Specifically, FIG. 11C depicts a dimpling pattern______ (third species, third sub-species) incorporating a plurality(e.g., eighteen) of pre-formed substantially circular and/or ellipticaldimples, which are generally arranged in a staggered concentric circularpattern or array, wherein a plurality of medium-sized dimples ______(e.g., six) are surrounded by a plurality (e.g., twelve) of alternatingsmaller ______ and larger dimples ______ to maximize packing density fora given number of substantially circular and/or elliptical dimples. FIG.11D depicts a dimpling pattern ______ (third species, fourthsub-species) incorporating a generally staggered array of large andoptionally small (not shown) pre-formed substantially circular dimples______, ______, which are arranged in such a manner so as to allow thereflective membrane to be reinforced in three directions by a pluralityof linear cords, wires, cables, or the like ______ (shown dashed). FIG.11E depicts a dimpling pattern ______ (third species, fifth sub-species)incorporating a simple, substantially rectangular array of large andoptionally small (not shown) pre-formed circular dimples ______, ______,which are arranged in such a manner so as to allow the reflectivemembrane to be reinforced in two directions by a plurality of linearcords, wires, cables, or the like ______ (shown dashed). FIG. 11Fdepicts a dimpling pattern ______ (third species, sixth sub-species)incorporating a generally hexagonal array of pre-formed dimples ______supported by a hexagonal support grid ______, wherein each dimplesubstantially comprises the entire-area of its associated cell ______within the hexagonal support-grid. FIG. 11G depicts a dimpling pattern______ (third species, seventh sub-species) incorporating a generallyrectangular array of pre-formed dimples ______ supported by arectangular support grid ______, wherein each dimple substantiallycomprises the entire area of its associated cell ______ within therectangular support grid. Similarly, FIG. 11H depicts a dimpling pattern______ (third species, eighth sub-species) incorporating a concentricannular array of tapered quadrilateral dimples ______ supported by atapered quadrilateral support grid ______, wherein each dimplesubstantially comprises the entire area of its associated cell ______within the support grid. It should be noted that dimples of anypre-determined size quantity, shape, and/or combinations thereof may beemployed to tailor the light concentration pattern to a predeterminedintensity and distribution, i.e. the invention is not limited to thespecific examples shown.

[0219] FIGS. 12A-B depict an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a composite detuned reflective membrane ______(fourth species, first sub-species), wherein the composite reflectivemembrane ______ comprises a mechanically deformable reflective membrane______ selectively bonded to a pressure-deformable membranous substrate______ along a plurality (e.g., twelve) of radial lines or seams ______to provide an equal number of wedge-shaped facets ______, each of whichis curved in the radial direction and substantially flat in thecircumferential direction. One or more orifices ______ need to beprovided to allow gas (e.g., air) to freely enter or exit the chambersor cavities ______ between the reflective and substrate membrane. Suchorifices ______ can be included in and/or around the periphery thereflective membranes ______. FIG. 12B shows that the electromagneticrays ______ reflected by each facet form a diffuse, substantially linearfocal locus ______ (shown dotted) in proximity to the primary focal axisof the reflector ______.

[0220] Similarly, FIGS. 12C-D depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a composite detuned reflectivemembrane ______ (fourth species, second sub-species) wherein thecomposite reflective membrane ______ comprises a mechanically deformablereflective membrane ______ bonded to a pressure-deformable membranoussubstrate ______ along a combination of radial seams ______ andparallel-to-radial seams ______ to provide a plurality (e.g.,twenty-four) of alternating wedge-shaped facets ______ andcircumferentially truncated wedge-shaped facets ______, each of which iscurved in the radial direction and substantially flat in thecircumferential direction. FIG. 12D shows that the electromagnetic rays______ reflected by each facet ______ form a diffuse, substantiallylinear focal locus ______ (shown dotted) in proximity to the primaryfocal axis of the reflector ______; however, this pattern produces amore uniform but more highly concentrated pattern of energy than isprovided by the faceted reflector of FIG. 12B.

[0221] FIGS. 13A-B depict an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a composite detuned reflective membrane ______(fifth species, first sub-species), wherein the composite reflectivemembrane ______ comprises a mechanically deformable reflective membrane______ selectively bonded to a pressure-deformable membranous substratealong a plurality (e.g., five) of equally spaced circumferential linesor seams ______ to provide a plurality (e.g., four) of conical facets______ of equal radial width, each of which is curved in thecircumferential direction and substantially flat in the radialdirection. FIG. 13B shows that the electromagnetic rays ______ reflectedby each facet ______ converge in proximity to the primary focal axis______ of the reflector to provide a substantially spherical ______pattern of concentrated light.

[0222] Similarly, FIGS. 13C-D depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a composite detuned reflectivemembrane ______ (fifth species, second sub-species), wherein thecomposite reflective membrane ______ comprises a mechanically deformablereflective membrane ______ bonded to a pressure-deformable membranoussubstrate ______ along a plurality (e.g., five) of circumferential linesor seams ______ having progressively reduced radial spacing to provide aplurality (e.g., four) of conical facets of decreasing radial width,each of which is curved in the circumferential direction andsubstantially flat in the radial direction. FIG. 13D shows that theelectromagnetic rays ______ reflected by each facet ______ converge inproximity to the primary focal axis ______ of the reflector to provide asubstantially planar pattern ______ of concentrated light.

[0223] FIGS. 14A-B depict an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a composite detuned reflective membrane ______(sixth species, first sub-species), wherein the composite reflectivemembrane ______ comprises a mechanically deformable reflective membrane______ selectively bonded to a pressure-deformable membranous substrate______ at a plurality of discrete points ______ in an annular pattern orarray (i.e., aligned concentric circular arrays) to form a plurality(e.g., ninety-six) of substantially planar quadrilateral facets ______having constant width in the radial direction. FIG. 14B shows that theelectromagnetic rays ______ reflected by each facet ______ form anassociated non-concentrated column of light, all of which converge inproximity to the primary focal axis ______ of the reflector to provide asubstantially spherical pattern of concentrated light. It should benoted that this planar faceted configuration forms a substantiallyspherical pattern of concentrated energy that is more uniform than thatprovided by the conically faceted reflector of FIGS. 13A-B.

[0224]FIGS. 14C-14F depict various other faceting patterns for faceteddetuned composite reflectors. Specifically, FIG. 14C depicts a facetedcomposite detuned reflective membrane ______ (sixth species, secondsub-species), wherein the composite reflective membrane ______ comprisesa mechanically deformable reflective membrane ______ bonded to apressure-deformable membranous substrate ______ at a plurality ofdiscrete points in an annular pattern or array to form a plurality(e.g., ninety-six) of planar quadrilateral facets having decreasingwidth in the radial direction. Note that this planar facetedconfiguration forms a substantially planar pattern of concentratedenergy similar to that provided by the conically faceted reflector ofFIGS. 13C-D, but which is significantly more uniform. Similarly, FIG.14D depicts a faceted composite detuned reflective membrane ______(sixth species, third sub-species) comprising a mechanically deformablereflective membrane bonded to a pressure-deformable membranous substrate______ at a plurality of discrete points ______ in a staggered patternof concentric circular arrays to form a plurality (e.g., ______) ofplanar triangular facets ______ having optionally constant width in theradial direction. FIG. 14E depicts a faceted composite detunedreflective membrane ______ (sixth species, fourth sub-species)comprising a mechanically deformable reflective membrane bonded to apressure-deformable membranous substrate at a plurality of discretepoints in a generally triangular pattern or array to form a plurality(e.g., ninety-six) of planar, substantially equilateral, triangularfacets. FIG. 14F depicts a faceted composite detuned reflective membrane______ (sixth species, fifth sub-species) comprising a mechanicallydeformable reflective ______ membrane bonded to a pressure-deformablemembranous substrate ______ at a plurality of discrete points ______ ina generally annular pattern or array to form a plurality (e.g., ______)of intermixed-planar quadrilateral ______ and triangular ______ facetshaving decreasing width in the radial direction.

[0225] Is should be noted that the use of substantially planar facetsprovides excellent control of the maximum degree to which the light canbe concentrated. More specifically, the light concentration factorcannot exceed the number of planar facets. Further, facets of anypre-determined size quantity, shape, and/or combinations thereof may beemployed to tailor the light concentration pattern to a predeterminedintensity and distribution, i.e. the invention is not limited to thespecific examples shown.

[0226]FIGS. 15A and 15B depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______(seventh species) comprising a mechanically deformable reflectivemembrane ______ bonded to an opposing membrane ______ via a plurality ofinternal linear radial ribs ______ and linear (i.e., chorded)circumferential ribs ______ or sheets to form, in an annular pattern, aplurality (e.g., ninety-six) of substantially planar quadrilateralfacets ______ having constant width in the radial direction, whereby thereflector can be deployed without imposing a differential pressure ofacross the reflective membrane. However, one or more orifices ______need to be provided to allow gas (e.g., air) to freely enter or exit thechamber(s) ______ between the reflective and opposing membranes. Suchorifices ______ can be included in (and/or around the periphery of) thereflective and/or opposing membranes ______, ______, and may also beincluded in the internal ribs ______ to allow interconnection of thecompartments ______ within the central chamber ______. Note that otherfaceting patterns may be produced, such as any of the preceding facetedpatterns described herein, by the judicious use of radial,circumferential, and/or otherwise oriented internal ribs. Additionally,the central reflector chamber of this configuration may be pressurizedto adjust the degree of energy concentration.

[0227]FIGS. 16A and 16B depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a detuned reflective membrane ______,(eighth species) wherein a secondary central inflatable pressure envelop______ is disposed between the upper and lower pressure-deformablemembranes ______, ______, (i.e., centered within the reflector chamber______) to mildly distort the reflective membrane ______ to provide anannular focus ______. This configuration enables the concentration anddistribution of light to be adjusted by varying the pressure within thesecondary central pressure envelope ______.

[0228]FIGS. 17A and 17B depict an alternate basic first embodimentreflector apparatus ______ having a dual-focal-point, detuned reflectivemembrane, wherein an underlying tensioned cord, wire, or cable ______diametrically spanning the toroid ______ distorts the reflectivemembrane ______ to provide two discrete detuned focal points ______,whereby the apparatus can simultaneously accommodate two distinctaccessories elements (not shown), one at each focal point.

[0229] FIGS. 18A-D Operation as a Broad-Spectrum Electromagnetic EnergyConcentrator:

[0230]FIG. 18A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to concentrate solar energy ______ to heat or cook materials ______contained in a vessel ______ supported by the cable-stayed focal pointsupport ______ in proximity to the focal point ______.

[0231]FIG. 18B depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to concentrate solar energy ______ to distill liquids ______contained in a distillation apparatus ______ supported by thecable-stayed focal point support ______ in proximity to the focal point______.

[0232]FIG. 18C depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to provide thermal energy by concentrating sunlight ______ onto aheat exchanger ______ supported by the cable-stayed focal point support______ in proximity to the focal point ______, wherein a liquid effluent______ is cyclically heated and piped via conduits ______ to and from aninsulated energy-storage vessel ______ or thermal reservoir.

[0233]FIG. 18D depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to generate electrical power by concentrating sunlight ______ ontoa liquid-cooled photo-electric cell ______ supported by the cable-stayedfocal point support ______ in proximity to the focal point ______.Electrical conduits ______ transmit electrical energy to a devicerequiring electrical power. Note that thermoelectric cells can also beemployed for the purpose. Further note that the optional heat exchanger______ used to cool the photovoltaic cell device can effectively be usedto provide heat as in FIG. 18C.

[0234] FIGS. 19A-D Operation as a High-Gain Radio-Frequency Antenna:

[0235]FIG. 19A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a high-gain antenna ______ to enable electronic communicationsbetween a geo-synchronous satellite ______ and a ground-basedcommunications device ______, such as a portable computer, by supportingvia the cable-stayed focal point support ______ a basic antenna ______at the focal point of a sub-ambient pressurized reflector chamber______. Electrical conduits ______ are shown connecting the basicantenna ______ to the ground-based communications device ______.

[0236]FIG. 19A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a high-gain antenna ______ to enhance electronic communicationsbetween a distant radio transmission tower ______ and a portabletransceiver device ______, wherein the transparent membrane ______ of asuper-ambient pressurized reflector chamber ______ is alternatively usedto support a basic antenna ______ in proximity to the focal point______. Note that the basic antenna device may be integrallyincorporated into the transparent membrane as an integral conductivewire, mesh, or other suitable conductive element (not shown). Also notethat for this and other applications, the transparent membrane need onlybe transparent to the particular spectrum of electromagnetic radiation(e.g., RF) being manipulated by the apparatus. Accordingly, theinvention contemplates that the transparent membrane ______ can beopaque, translucent, or otherwise disruptive to higher energy spectra,(e.g., broad-spectrum solar energy, visible light, infrared, and thelike) to prevent inadvertent damage to the transparent membrane and/oran accessory element (such as a portable transceiver device, cellularphone, and the like) supported thereon in the event the apparatusinadvertently becomes aligned with a high-energy electromagnetic source,such as the sun.

[0237]FIG. 19C depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a high-gain antenna ______ to extend the range of electroniccommunications between two portable transceiver devices ______ byattaching one of the transceiver devices directly to the sphericalsupport element ______. This configuration allows the apparatus to bequickly converted between various operational modes, such as between useas a high-gain antenna and use as, for example, a broad-spectrumconcentrator.

[0238]FIG. 19D depicts two electrically interconnected modularmulti-function apparatuses ______ located on a mountain ______ and beingused as high-gain antenna apparatuses (each similar to those shown abovein FIGS. 19A-C) to a relay electronic communications between a low-lyingtransmission tower ______ and a third modular apparatus ______ locatedon opposite sides of t he mountain. It is noted that a single modularmulti-function apparatus may be reconfigured by the user to provide twoor madre reflector modules (such as by attaching a removable reflectorchamber to, for example, the separate toroidal support ring ______ orthe rings of the safety shield ______), thus enabling a single apparatusto serve as a relay station between non-aligned remote stations.However, depending on the element selected to support the auxiliaryremovable reflector chamber, alternate means for supporting theapparatus may need to be implemented.

[0239] FIGS. 20A-C Operation as a Visible Spectrum Concentrator an dProjector:

[0240]FIG. 20A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to project a collimated beam of light ______ for enhancing vision,signaling, and the like, by locating a non-collimated light source______ at the focal point ______ of a sub-ambient pressurized reflectorchamber ______. Various light-sources can be used for this applicationincluding, for example, a gas or oil lantern, an electrical lamp, acandle, a torch, a phosphorescent glow stick, and the like. Note thatthe device can optionally include reflectors, transparent covers, and/ortransparent membranes (if used in super-ambient mode) having variouscolors to enable the device to a project a wider range of signals, or toproject colored illumination, such as for artistic purposes.

[0241]FIG. 20B depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to concentrate moonlight ______ from a crescent moon ______ onto anitem ______ to be viewed at night, such as a map ______ or compass,optionally held in proximity to the focal point ______ by thetransparent membrane ______ of a super-ambient pressurized reflectorchamber ______. Note that other dim or distance sources of light mayalso be used for this application, such as a distant street lamp, or theglow emanating from a distant city skyline. Also note that the apparatusalternatively can be deployed in sub-ambient mode for this otherapplications disclosed herein.

[0242]FIG. 20C depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused in conjunction with an accessory waveguide device ______ toconcentrate and transmit concentrated solar or lunar radiation ______via waveguide ______ to an underwater lamp ______ to providepan-chromatic illumination ______ for use by a diver (not shown). Notethat this configuration can also be used to provide illumination forinterior, subterranean, and/or other darkened environments, or toenergize optical equipment such as, for example, an image projectiondevice, a heated tool, or a surgical device.

[0243] FIGS. 21A-D Operation as a Support or Shelter:

[0244]FIG. 21A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused in an upright position as an insulated crib, cradle, or incubator,such as to hold an infant ______. In addition to the reflective membrane______, the invention contemplates that many of the other elements ofthe apparatus, such as the interior and/or or exterior walls of thesafety shield ______ can have a reflective surface ______ to enhance thethermal insulating characteristics of the apparatus. FIG. 21B depictsthe modular multi-function apparatus ______ being used in a horizontalposition by a person ______ as a seat or chair ______, and as a shieldfrom the sun, wind, and/or inclement weather. FIG. 21C depicts themodular multi-function apparatus ______ being used in an invertedposition as a shelter to protect a person from inclement weather orother environmental elements. By further incorporating an optionalcamouflaged external surface ______ the apparatus effectively serves asa wildlife blind or hunting blind. FIG. 21D depicts the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ in a partially disassembled andreconfigured condition, wherein the toroidal base ring ______ is beingused as an open flotation device to support a person ______ on water______, and the remainder of the apparatus is being used as an enclosedflotation device ______ or weather-resistant gear closet. The apparatuscan also be used a portable cage, terrarium, aquarium, greenhouse, frostshield, and the like. These applications can be facilitated by theinclusion of an integral or removably attached cover, such as atransparent cover (not shown) to enable use as a greenhouse, or a finemesh cover (not shown) to enable use as cage for small animals orinsects. Note that such a fine mesh cover can also be used at an insectshield (e.g., mosquito net) when using the device as a shelter,incubator, and the like.

[0245] FIGS. 22A-C Operation as a Water Collection, Storage, andProcessing Apparatus:

[0246]FIG. 22A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to provide potable water ______ by capturing, purifying, and/orstoring precipitation ______ (or other sources of water), whereinadditional collection area is optionally provided by an outwardlyextended safety cover ______.

[0247]FIG. 22B depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused in conjunction with a transparent cover ______ and a liquidcollection vessel ______ to produce potable water by first condensingonto the transparent membrane ______ the water vapor ______ emitted frommoist materials ______ placed within the apparatus and passively heatedby solar radiation, and then collecting the resulting condensate ______in the collection vessel ______. The collection vessel ______ is shownsupported by the cable-stayed focal point support ______; however, itcan be alternatively supported, such as by attaching it to thetransparent cover ______, which is particularly useful when the moistmaterials are optionally heated by concentrated energy at the focalpoint. Note that the apparatus shown in FIG. 22B can be also used as adehydrator, dryer, or curing chamber by providing a means for exhaustingvapor from the chamber, such as a partially open cover, or an open valveor loading port.

[0248]FIG. 22C depicts a disassembled and reconfigured modularmulti-function apparatus ______ being used to provide potable water bycollecting precipitation and/or dew, wherein the collection area of theapparatus is greatly increased as a result of separating its basicmodular components. Note that accessory membranes ______, such asremovable covers, removable reflective membranes, and/or removablereflector chambers, are shown attached to the various toroid rings______ of the disassembled modular apparatus to provide a watercollection surface.

[0249] FIGS. 23A-N Operation as a Wind Turbine:

[0250]FIG. 23A depicts a reconfigured modular multi-function apparatus______ being used to harness wind energy, wherein a lightweightaccessory wind turbine generator device ______ is mounted via thecable-stayed focal point support ______ within the inflatable safetycage ______, which is supported horizontally, facing the wind, by theremaining modules of the apparatus. Conduits ______ are provided fortransmitting electrical and/or mechanical power to other accessoryapparatus (not shown).

[0251]FIG. 23B depicts a reconfigured multi-function apparatus ______being used to harness wind energy, wherein the lower inflatable toroidalsupport ring ______ is utilized to structurally stabilize a verylightweight collapsible (membranous) accessory wind turbine ______,which is mounted aft of the inflatable safety cage on a horizontalaccessory rod to facilitate wind-pointing.

[0252]FIG. 23C depicts a reconfigured multi-function apparatus ______being used to harness wind energy, wherein an accessory wind turbinedevice is supported within the inflatable toroidal support ring ______,which has its wind-facing side movably attached to a vertical linesupport ______ to enable wind-pointing, and which further utilizes aplurality of inflatable rings ______ from the safety shield ______attached to its aft side both to augment airflow through the turbine andto further enhance wind-pointing.

[0253]FIG. 23D depicts a reconfigured multi-function apparatus ______being used to harness wind energy in a manner similar to that depictedin FIG. 9C, but further including additional inflatable rings,optionally from the safety cage, located between the line support andthe wind-facing side of the toroidal support ring to promoteventuri-type flow augmentation through the wind turbine, and to furtherenhance wind-pointing.

[0254]FIG. 23E depicts wind-facing view of a collapsible lightweightwind turbine ______ formed by attaching a plurality of flexiblemembranous blades ______ to one of the inflatable toroidal support rings______ in such a manner so as to provide twist in each blade ______(i.e., the blade angle decreases with increasing radius) both to enhanceaerodynamic performance and to facilitate connection to a central axialhub.

[0255]FIG. 23F depicts the lightweight wind turbine ______ depicted inFIG. 23E being used to produce electrical power, wherein the windturbine is attached to a generator ______ mounted on a horizontal shaft______, which is movably connected to a vertical cable support ______ toenable wind-pointing, and to permit the apparatus to be elevated intohigher velocity wind streams.

[0256]FIG. 23G depicts a wind-facing view of a collapsible lightweightwind turbine ______ formed by attaching the tips ______ of a pluralityof simple, generally non-twisted, flexible membranous blades ______ toone of the inflatable toroidal support rings ______, wherein theplurality of blades is economically fabricated primarily from a singleflexible membrane.

[0257]FIG. 23H depicts the lightweight wind turbine ______ depicted inFIG. 23G, wherein the wind turbine ______ is attached to a generator______ mounted on a horizontal shaft ______, which is movably connectedto a stand ______ formed in part by a vertically oriented accessory rod______ attached to the basic inflatable reflector apparatus ______ andstabilized by a plurality of cables ______.

[0258]FIG. 23I depicts wind-facing view of a lightweight wind turbine______ formed by attaching a slotted, pre-formed membrane ______ havinga central mounting hub ______ to the front side of the inflatabletoroidal support ring ______, and by further attaching a structuralsafety net ______ having a central hub ______ to the aft side of theinflatable toroidal support ring ______, wherein the two central hubs______ are used to stably mount the wind turbine to the shaft of agenerator (not shown).

[0259]FIG. 23J depicts the slotted-membrane wind turbine ______ depictedin FIG. 23I, wherein the turbine blades ______ are formed by locallyslitting and pre-deforming a substantially conical membrane ______.

[0260]FIG. 23K depicts a slotted-membrane wind turbine ______ similar tothat depicted in FIG. 23I, wherein the turbine blades ______ are formedby locally slitting and deforming a substantially planar membrane______.

[0261]FIG. 23L depicts a slotted-membrane wind turbine ______ similar tothat depicted in FIG. 23I, wherein the turbine blades ______ are formedby locally slitting and deforming a shallow, concave, substantiallyspherical membrane ______.

[0262]FIG. 23M depicts a slotted-membrane wind turbine ______ similar tothat depicted in FIG. 23I, wherein the turbine blades ______ are formedby locally slitting and deforming a deeply concave, substantiallyspherical membrane ______ that is alternatively attached to the aft endof the toroidal support ring ______ so as to not interfere with thestabilizing structural safety nets ______ mounted to the front and aftsides of the toroidal support ring ______.

[0263] FIGS. 24A-D Operation for Miscellaneous Applications:

[0264]FIG. 24A depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a high-gain directional sound-amplification device ______,wherein an accessory microphone ______ is attached at the focal point______ and connected to an amplifying headset ______ to listen, forexample, to the auditory chirp of a bird ______. Note that the naked ear(not shown) can also be placed in proximity to the focal point to heardistant and/or faint sounds.

[0265]FIG. 24B depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a fermentation apparatus ______ by attaching an anaerobicairlock/pressure-relief valve ______ to the upper central membrane______. Note that the portable fermentor apparatus optionally can bedeployed (i.e., floated) on water to provide temperature stabilization.

[0266]FIG. 24C depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused to sieve or filter liquid and/or solid materials by attachingsuitable accessory meshes ______ and/or other filter media to theapparatus.

[0267]FIG. 24D depicts the modular multi-function apparatus ______ beingused as a floating aquatic chamber ______ to hold live fish ______.

[0268] FIGS. 25A-D Alternate Methods for Constructing the SphericalSupport and Safety Shield:

[0269]FIG. 25A depicts an alternate modular inflatable multi-function______ apparatus having a low-inflation-volume alternate sphericalsupport ______ and an simplified alternate inflatable safety cage______, wherein the low-inflation-volume sphere cal support ______ isformed by connecting a plurality of inflatable toroidal rings ______ ofdecreasing major diameter, and the simplified inflatable safety cage______ is formed by connecting a plurality of inflatable toroidal rings______ of substantially equal minor and major diameter.

[0270]FIG. 25B depicts an alternate modular inflatable multi-functionapparatus ______ having an alternate inflatable spherical support ______and an alternate inflatable safety cage ______, each of which comprisesan inner membrane ______ and an outer membrane ______ joined by aplurality of spaced, continuous circumferential, membranous ribs ______(i.e., cylindrical, conical, or annular membranes) to form a pluralityof optionally interconnected compartments ______ within each structure.

[0271]FIG. 25C depicts an alternate modular inflatable multi-functionapparatus ______ having an alternate inflatable spherical support ______and an alternate inflatable safety cage ______, each of which typicallycomprises an inner membrane ______ and outer membrane ______, which arejoined to each other at their peripheral edges to form an inflatablepressure envelop ______, and which are further joined by a plurality ofinternal, finite, circumferentially spaced, membranous ribs ______(i.e., substantially planar radial membranes at discrete circumferentialpositions) to hold the inner and outer membranes ______,______ in apredetermined shape, and to form (typically) a plurality of optionallyinterconnected compartments ______ within each structure.

[0272]FIG. 25D depicts an alternate modular inflatable multi-functionapparatus ______, wherein the spherical support ______ alternativelycomprises a plurality (e.g., two) of stacked, progressively smallerbasic reflector apparatuses ______, and wherein the safety shield ______alternatively comprises a plurality or alternate basic reflectorapparatuses ______ having removable reflective membranes and/orremovable reflector chambers (not shown) which are removed and stowed toallow light to strike the primary reflector ______.

[0273]FIG. 26 depicts an alternate modular inflatable multi-functionapparatus ______ comprising a reflective membrane ______ integrated withlow-inflation-volume combination spherical support and focal pointsupport ______, wherein the inner portion of the reflective membrane______ is supported above the spherical support ______ in apressure-deployable arrangement, and the outer portion of the reflectivemembrane ______ is intermittently attached to the spherical support______ in a mechanically deployable arrangement.

[0274] FIGS. 27A-D Alternate Safety Cages:

[0275]FIG. 27A depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an integral alternate inflatable safety cage ______,wherein a plurality (e.g., four) of substantially linear inflatabletubes ______ are integrally connected to the toroidal support ring______ of the basic reflector apparatus ______ and to an upperinflatable toroidal ring ______ to form a lightweight tubular structure______, and wherein several of the openings ______ within thelightweight tubular structure, are covered with a flexible mesh or net______, both to provide a physical barrier around the focal point, andto enhance the structural stability of the integral safety cage. Notethat by making the safety cage integral with the toroid ______, bothstructures can be inflated simultaneously by providing one or moreinterconnecting gas ports ______ between the structures. Thisconfiguration significantly enhances safety by preventing the use of theapparatus ______ without a substantially fully deployed safety cage______.

[0276]FIG. 27B depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having a removably attached alternate inflatable safety cage______, wherein a plurality of linear (but optionally curved) inflatabletubes ______ are integrally connected to both an upper and a lowerinflatable toroidal ring ______ to form a removable lightweight tubularstructure ______, and wherein several of the openings ______ within thelightweight tubular structure ______ are covered with a flexible mesh ornet ______, both to provide a physical barrier around the focal point,and to enhance the structural stability of the removable safety cage______.

[0277]FIG. 27C depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having a removably attached alternate inflatable safety cage______, wherein a plurality of connected linear inflatable tubes ______form a lightweight truss structure ______, and wherein several of theopenings ______ within the lightweight truss structure ______ arecovered with a flexible mesh or net ______, both to provide a physicalbarrier around the focal point, and to enhance the structural stabilityof the removable safety cage.

[0278]FIG. 27D depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having a removably attached alternate inflatable safety cage______ comprising a plurality of linear inflatable tubes ______integrally connected to both an upper and a lower inflatable toroidalring ______ to form a removable lightweight tubular structure ______,wherein several of the openings ______ within the side of the tubularstructure ______ are covered with a light-attenuating flexibletransparent membrane ______, and the upper opening ______ of the tubularstructure is covered with a membranous grid or grating ______ to provideoff-axis light attenuation.

[0279] FIGS. 28A-D Tapered Support and Leveling Rings:

[0280]FIG. 28A depicts a basic inflatable reflector apparatus ______being supported by a plurality of inflatable tapered support andleveling rings ______, wherein the thinnest portions of the stackedtapered rings ______ are located at one circumferential position,whereby the apparatus can be progressively inclined to a nearly verticalorientation by progressively inflating the tapered rings. Alternatively,the device can be oriented in a nearly horizontal position bysubstantially deflating the rings ______ as shown in FIG. 28B. Note thatthe tapered rings can be inflated simultaneously using one valve ______by providing interconnecting gas ports ______ between the rings asshown, or inflated separately via individual gas valves ______ for eachtapered ring.

[0281]FIG. 28C depicts a basic inflatable reflector apparatus ______being supported by plurality of inflatable tapered support and levelingrings ______, wherein the inclination of the basic reflector apparatusis substantially minimized by alternately positioning the thinnestportions of adjacent stacked rings at opposite circumferential locationas shown, but wherein the inclination of the basic reflector apparatusoptionally can be maximized by positioning the thinnest portions of thestacked rings at one circumferential location. Note that the rings canalso be used to level the apparatus when placed on an inclined surface______, such as a hill or roof, as shown in FIG. 28D.

[0282] FIGS. 29A-D Alternate Combination/Dual-Use Safety Cages andDevice Supports:

[0283]FIG. 29A depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an alternate integral inflatable safety cage ______ and asubstantially identical alternate integral inflatable spherical support______, both of which comprise two orthogonally connected semicirculartubes optionally integrally attached to the basic reflector apparatus.Also shown is an alternate inflatable focal point support ______comprising two localized or discrete inflatable pressure vessels ______removably attached to the basic reflector apparatus ______ forsupporting via brackets ______ a rod ______ diametrically spanning thebasic reflector apparatus ______.

[0284]FIG. 29B depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an alternate removably attached inflatable safety cage______ and a substantially identical alternate removably attachedinflatable spherical support ______, both of which comprise twoorthogonally connected inflatable semicircular tubes ______ integrallyattached to an inflatable toroidal ring ______. Also shown is analternate means ______ for supporting a rod ______ diametricallyspanning the basic reflector apparatus ______, wherein the rod ______ isremovable attached via a bracket ______ or other fastening means to theinflatable toroidal ring ______ of the safety cage ______.

[0285]FIG. 29C depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an alternate inflatable means for supporting the apparatus______ and a substantially identical alternate inflatable focal pointsupport ______, both of which comprise a removably attached adjustabletruss ______ comprising a plurality (e.g., three) of linear inflatabletubes ______, wherein each inflatable tube ______ has a plurality ofindividually inflatable compartments ______ with separate inflationvalves ______ as a means for adjusting its length.

[0286]FIG. 29D depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an alternate inflatable means ______ for supporting theapparatus ______ and a similar alternate inflatable focal point support______, each of which comprises a removably attached inflatable tubestabilized by a plurality of tensioned lines or cable stays. Note thattwo or more inflatable tubes may be use to enhance stability or providestructural redundancy.

[0287] FIGS. 30A-B Alternate Non-Inflated Collapsible Combination SafetyCages and Device Supports.

[0288]FIG. 30A depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatus______ having an alternate collapsible rigid safety cage ______ and asubstantially identical alternate collapsible rigid spherical support______, each of which comprise a plurality (e.g., five) of semicircularrigid elements ______ rotatably attached (i.e., pinned) to one side ofthe inflatable toroidal support ring ______ of the basic reflectorapparatus ______ at diametrically opposed pin joints ______, and whichfurther comprise a plurality of cords or cable stays ______ connected tothe semicircular rigid elements ______ and to the basic reflectorapparatus ______ to stabilize the collapsible structure ______.

[0289]FIG. 30B depicts an alternate modular multi-function apparatushaving an alternate globe-shaped combination collapsible rigid safetycage and spherical support comprising ______ a plurality (e.g., twelve)of semicircular rigid elements, which are rotatably attached (i.e.,pinned) to each other via pin joints ______ located above and below thebasic reflector apparatus ______ along the focal axis ______ of thedevice, and which are further attached to the inflatable toroidalsupport ring ______ of the basic reflector apparatus ______ both tosupport the reflector apparatus ______ and to stabilize the collapsiblestructure ______.

[0290] FIGS. 31A-D Alternate “Globe-Type” Collapsible Rigid ElementCombination Safety Cage and Device Supports:

[0291]FIGS. 31A and 31B depict an alternate configuration of the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ comprising a sub-ambient pressurizedremovable reflector chamber ______ (third species) removably attachedvia hooks ______, clips, or the like, to the equatorial rim ______ andthe bottom pole ______ of an optionally collapsible, globe-shaped,truss-like, support structure ______ couched within an inflatabletoroidal support ring ______.

[0292]FIG. 31C depicts an alternate configuration of the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ comprising a sub-ambient pressurizedremovable reflector chamber ______ (first species) having its upper sideremovably attached via hooks ______, clips, or the like, to theequatorial rim ______ and its lower side similarly removably attached toa lower parallel rim ______ of an optionally collapsible, globe-shaped,truss-like, support structure couched within an inflatable toroidalsupport ring.

[0293]FIG. 31D depicts an alternate configuration of the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ comprising a super-ambient-pressurized,removable reflector chamber ______ (second species) removably attachedvia hooks ______, clips, or the like, to the equatorial rim ______ of athe globe-shaped, truss-like, support structure ______ couchedalternatively in a ground depression ______, such as may be dug in sand.

[0294] FIGS. 32A-H Alternate Cable-Stayed Focal Point Supports:

[0295]FIG. 32A depicts an alternate collapsible, cable-stayed focalpoint support ______ (second species) comprising a square, rigid frame______ removably attached to the upper and lower surfaces of aninflatable safety cage ______ using four pairs of cords, wires, or cablestays ______, whereby various accessory elements can be supported inproximity to the focal point.

[0296]FIG. 32B depicts of an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (third species) comprising a circular gimble ______ (i.e., aself-leveling pivoting frame) movably attached via pin joints ______ toa hexagonal rigid frame ______, which is removably attached to the upperand lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage ______ using six pairsof cords, wires, or cable stays ______, wherein an accessory elementsupported by the gimble ______ in proximity to the focal point can beself-leveling as shown, or optionally adjusted and held in apredetermined orientation using an optional adjustment and securingmeans (not shown), such as a friction clamp at one of the pivot joints______.

[0297]FIG. 32C depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (fourth species) comprising a circular gimble ______ (i.e., aself-leveling pivoting frame) movably attached via two pin joints ______to six pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays ______, which are removablyattached to the upper and lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage______, wherein an accessory element supported by the gimble inproximity to the focal point can be self-leveling.

[0298]FIG. 32D depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (fifth species) comprising a rigid square frame ______ removablyattached to the upper and lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage______ using four pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays ______, andfurther comprising an internally reflective, articulated structure______ attached to the upper side of the rigid frame ______, wherebyaccessory elements can be supported in a horizontal (i.e., level) orother predetermined orientation, and the radiant energy entering thelower end of the reflective articulated structure ______ can beredirected to the bottom of an accessory element (not shown), such as apan, to improve performance.

[0299]FIG. 32E depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (sixth species) comprising a small bracket or ring ______attached via four pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays ______ to theupper and lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage ______, wherebyvarious accessory elements (not shown) can be supported in proximity tothe focal point.

[0300]FIG. 32F depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (seventh species) comprising a short rod, tube, or length ofcable ______ attached via four pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays______ to the upper and lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage______, whereby various accessory elements (not shown), such as akettle, can be suspended or otherwise supported in proximity to thefocal point.

[0301]FIG. 32G depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (eighth species) comprising two substantially fixed smallbrackets or rings ______, each of which is attached via three (or othernumber) pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays ______ to the upper andlower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage ______, and furthercomprising an adjustable wire loop ______ attached between the twobrackets or rings ______, whereby various accessory elements, such as acooking or heating vessel, can be supported in a self-leveling manner inproximity to the focal point. Note that the wire loop can optionallyhave a cinching means (not shown) for securing the cables around anundersized accessory element.

[0302]FIG. 32H depicts an alternate collapsible focal point support______ (ninth species) comprising a flexible wire or cable basket ______removably attached via six pairs of cords, wires, or cable stays ______to the upper and lower surfaces of an inflatable safety cage ______,whereby various accessory elements and/or materials (not shown) to beheated, such as a cooking vessel, pre-packaged food items, and/orcertain solid foodstuffs, can be securely supported in proximity to thefocal point in either a random or predetermined orientation.

[0303] FIGS. 33A-B Waveguide and Secondary Reflectors:

[0304]FIG. 33A depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ operating in super-ambient pressure mode to focus light rays______ into an accessory waveguide device ______ connected to the uppertransparent membrane ______ in proximity to the focal point of theapparatus ______.

[0305]FIG. 33B depicts an alternate basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ having a pressure-deployable convex secondaryreflective membrane ______ centered within the transparent membrane______ of a super-ambient pressurized reflector chamber ______, whereinlight rays ______ entering the apparatus ______ are progressivelyconcentrated by the primary and secondary reflectors ______,______ intoan accessory waveguide device ______ connected to the center of theprimary reflector ______ in proximity to the focal point of the modified(compound) reflector apparatus ______. Note that the waveguide depictedherein can optionally be a lightweight fluid-filled tube, instead of theconventional coated glass or polymer fiber(s).

[0306] FIGS. 34A-D Operation as a Fluid Pump:

[0307]FIG. 34A depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ modified with one-way fluid valves ______ (i.e., check valves) tofacilitate inflation, to prevent accidental deflation, and to facilitateuse of the apparatus as a manual fluid pump ______.

[0308]FIG. 34B depicts is a modified basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ configured as a manual fluid pump ______ illustratingthe fluid intake stroke, wherein the central membranes ______ aremanually separated (i.e., extended outward) to draw fluid ______(typically air) into the central reflector chamber ______ through theupper valve ______.

[0309]FIG. 34C depicts a modified basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ configured as a manual fluid pump ______ illustratingthe fluid exhaust stroke, wherein the central membranes ______ aremanually forced together (i.e., forced inward) to expel or exhaust fluid______ (typically air) from the central reflector chamber ______ throughthe upper valve ______.

[0310]FIG. 34D depicts a modified basic first embodiment reflectorapparatus ______ configured as a manual fluid pump ______ illustratingthe fluid exhaust stroke, wherein the central membranes ______ aremanually forced together (i.e., forced inward) to expel or exhaust fluid______ (typically air) from the central reflector chamber ______ throughthe lower valve ______ into an attached accessory tube ______, which maybe connected to any suitable accessory device (not shown) requiringinflation.

[0311]FIGS. 35A-35E Accessory Membranes for Enhanced Water Collectionand/or Shelter:

[0312]FIG. 35A depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ further including a plurality (e.g., six) of attached membranesor covers ______, which are shown extended in a petal-like arrangementto enhance liquid collection by augmenting the capture area of theapparatus ______, but which can also have various optical properties(such as color, transparency, opacity, emissivity, reflectivity,selective reflectivity, and the like) and, thus, can be used to enhanceor enable numerous optical functions of the apparatus.

[0313]FIG. 35B depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ further including a large extended rectangular (or other shaped)multi-layer insulated membrane or sheet ______ attached to the uppersurface of the multi-function reflector apparatus ______ to greatlyenhance liquid collection in the form of precipitation, dew, or frost.Ties ______ are shown for supporting or elevating the periphery of themembrane ______; however, one or more inflatable tubes may be used tosupport the membrane in a cupped configuration, as will be shown below.Note that the upper surface of the membrane ______ (and/or many othersurfaces of the modules of the present invention) can have a highemissivity surface to enhance the collection of dew or frost at night byradiative condensation processes. Further, note that the multi-layerinsulted membrane can also serve as an emergency thermal blanket,insulating ground cloth, protective tarp or cover, and the like.Additional membranes ______ and/or membranes of any other practicalshape may also be used.

[0314]FIG. 35C depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ further including a large extended, optionally multi-layerinsulated, membrane or sheet ______ supported at a its edge by aplurality of inflatable tubes ______, such as those described above inFIG. 29C, to provide a modified apparatus ______ having cuppedconfiguration ______ to facilitate water collection. Similarlyconfigured apparatus ______ can also be used as a self-supportingshelter ______, such as shown in FIG. 35D, or suspended to form anumbrella ______, such as shown in FIG. 35E.

[0315]FIGS. 36-37 Miscellaneous Apparatus

[0316]FIG. 36 depicts a modified first embodiment reflector apparatus______ further including optional accessory elements for facilitatingthe collection and storage of water, including a peripheral gutter______ having a drain port ______ for connection to a conduit ______,which is shown further connected to the lower valve ______ to permitwater collected in the gutter ______ to be transferred to the reflectorchamber ______ for storage. An optionally valved conduit ______extending through the toroid ______ can also be use to transfer watereffluent ______ to the reflector chamber ______ for storage.

[0317]FIG. 37 depicts a modified first embodiment reflector apparatus______ configured as a portable sealed work chamber ______ having a pairof attached gloves ______ and a covered access port ______ incorporatedinto an optionally removably attached upper transparent membrane ______.

[0318] FIGS. 38A-B Self-Supporting Automated Sun-Tracking Devices:

[0319]FIG. 38A depicts a modular multi-function apparatus ______ (withthe inflatable safety cage and the cable-stayed focal point supportomitted from the figure for clarity) having an optional automated means______ for tracking the vertical motion or elevation of the sun (i.e., asingle-axis sun-tracking apparatus), wherein the modular multi-functionapparatus ______ further includes a motor-driven cable ______ connectedbetween the upper portion of the apparatus ______ and its supportingtoroidal base ring ______, at least one motorized drive pulley ______typically attached to the toroidal base ring ______, and a sun-sensingcontroller ______ electrically connected via electrical conduits ______both to the motorized drive pulley ______ and to an electrical powersupply ______, such as a rechargeable battery and/or photovoltaic panel.Note that the toroidal base ring ______ is configured to hold water______ such that, when filled, it provides a substantially frictionlesssupport for the inflatable spherical support module ______, which floatson the water-filled base ring ______. Note that opposite sides of thetoroidal support ring ______ of the basic reflector apparatus ______ areconnected to toroidal base ring ______ via flexible cords or cables______ to stabilize the upper portion of the apparatus ______ relativeto the lower toroidal support ring ______, which can be secured to theground, for example, by cables ______ and stakes ______ as shown, or byother means.,

[0320]FIG. 38B depicts a modular multi-function apparatus ______ (withthe inflatable safety cage and the cable-stayed focal point supportomitted from the figure for clarity) having an optional automated means______ for tracking both the vertical and horizontal motion of the sun.(i.e., a dual-axis sun-tracking apparatus), wherein the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ of FIG. 38A having a single-axistracking apparatus ______ further includes an additional largerwater-filled base ring ______ on which the first base ring ______floats, an additional motor-driven cable ______ connected between theprimary base ring ______ and the larger secondary base ring ______, andone non-driven and one driven pulley ______,______, the latter of whichis electrically connected via electrical conduit ______ to thesun-sensing controller ______ and electrical power supply ______.

[0321] FIGS. 39A-C Suspended Automated Sun-Tracking Apparatus:

[0322]FIG. 39A depicts a modular multi-function apparatus ______ (withthe inflatable safety cage and the cable-stayed focal point supportomitted from the figure for clarity) having an alternate automated means______ for tracking both the vertical and horizontal motion of the sun(i.e., a dual-axis sun-tracking apparatus), wherein the modularmulti-function apparatus ______ of FIG. 38A having a single-axistracking mechanism ______ is rotatably suspended via a cable system______ between an overhead support ______, such as a tree branch, and astaked ground support ______ to enable substantially frictionless motionabout the vertical axis ______, and further includes an additionalmotor-driven cable ______ connected between the toroidal base ring______ and one non-driven and one motor-driven pulley ______,______,both of which are supported by ground stakes ______, and the latter ofwhich is electrically connected via electrical conduit ______ to asun-sensing controller and an electrical power supply ______.

[0323]FIG. 39B depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ having a dual-axis (i.e., vertical and horizontal) sun-trackingmechanism ______, wherein the basic reflector apparatus is suspended viaa cable system ______ between an overhead support ______, such as a treebranch, and a staked ground support ______ to enable substantiallyfrictionless motion about the vertical and horizontal axes______,______, and further comprises two motor-driven cables ______ (onefor each axis of rotation), and two motorized drive pulleys ______ (onefor each axis of rotation), both of which are supported by ground stakes______ and are electrically connected via electrical conduit ______ to asun-sensing controller ______ and an electrical power supply ______.

[0324]FIG. 39C depicts a basic first embodiment reflector apparatus______ having a polar-aligned, single-axis, sun-tracking mechanism______ (i.e., the axis of the tracking mechanism is optionally alignedwith poles or rotational axis of the earth), wherein the basic reflectorapparatus ______ is suspended via a cable system ______ between anoverhead support ______, such as a tree branch, and a staked groundsupport ______ to enable substantially frictionless motion about an axis______ parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation, and further comprisesone motor-driven cable ______ and one motorized drive pulley ______, thelatter of which is supported by a ground stake ______ and iselectrically connected via electrical conduit ______ to a sun-sensingcontroller ______ and an electrical power supply ______.

[0325]FIGS. 40A-40D Materials of Construction

[0326]FIG. 40A depicts a typical, substantially polymeric, multi-layercomposite material ______ from which the apparatus ______ can beconstructed, comprising from bottom to top: a heat-sealable layer ofmaterial ______ (such as polyethylene, and the like), a load-bearingstructural membrane ______ (such as Nylon, Mylar®, and the like), asmooth reflective layer ______ (such as provided by vapor-depositedaluminum, and the like), and a protective upper coating ______ (such aslacquer, polyethylene, and the like), which optionally may also beheat-sealable.

[0327]FIG. 40B depicts an alternate, substantially polymeric,multi-layer composite material ______ from which the apparatus ______can be constructed, comprising from bottom to top: a heat-sealablepolymer material ______, a longitudinally oriented load-bearingstructural polymer membrane ______, an intermediate polymeric bonding orinterface material ______, a transverse-oriented load-bearing structuralpolymer membrane ______, a reflective metallic layer ______, and aprotective polymer coating ______ which also serves as a heat-sealablelayer, whereby the two cross-stacked, directionally-oriented membranesincrease strength and tear resistance of the composite membrane.

[0328]FIG. 40C depicts a fiber-reinforced multi-layer composite material______ from which the apparatus ______ can be constructed, comprisingfrom bottom to top: a heat-sealable polymer material ______,a bi-axiallyoriented load-bearing structural polymer membrane ______, anintermediate polymeric bonding or interface material ______, a layer ofreinforcing fibers shown, for example, in a bi-axial weave ______, asecond intermediate polymeric bonding or interface material ______, asecond bi-axially oriented load-bearing structural polymer membrane______, a reflective metallic layer ______, and a protective polymercoating ______ which also serves as a heat-sealable layer, whereby thefiber reinforcement greatly improves the strength and tear resistance ofthe multi-layer composite membrane.

[0329]FIG. 40D depicts a fiber-reinforced composite material ______ fromwhich the non-reflective portions of the apparatus can be constructed,comprising a layer of reinforcing fibers ______ in, for example, abi-axial weave integrally imbedded in a heat-sealable polymer matrixmaterial ______, whereby an economical, high-strength, tear-resistantcomposite membrane is provided for the non-reflective portions of theapparatus. Note that this material can also optionally incorporate areflective surface.

[0330] Finally, to facilitate many of the applications of the modularinflatable field-deployable apparatus of the present invention asdescribed herein, it should be noted that various common electronicand/or mechanical accessory devices or apparatus can be integrally orremovably incorporated into any apparatus of the instant invention inany useful quantity, location, and combination thereof. Such optionalelectrical and/or mechanical accessory devices include, but are notlimited to, pumps, fans, drive motors, timers, thermostats, flowcontrollers, photovoltaic cells, movable louvers or iris apparatus (forcontrolling flow or radiation), and other useful elements. To furtherenhance the collection, storage, processing, and distribution of wateror other liquids, it should be noted that various common liquid handlingand processing devices can also be integrally or removably incorporatedinto any apparatus of the instant invention in any useful quantity,location, and combination including, but not limited to, liquid pumps,pipes, tubes, funnels, valves, pressure gauges, flow meters, flowcontrollers, filters, and other useful elements.

[0331] Thus, the extensive applicability of the fundamental modularinflatable multifunction field-deployable apparatus has been disclosed.

We claim:
 1. A modular multifunction field-deployable apparatuscomprising: a ring support element, said ring support element comprisingat least one substantially tubular and inflatable ring, said ringsupport element defining a vacant center; at least one inflation meansfor inflating said ring support element; at least twopressure-deformable membranes extending across the center of said ringsupport element, said membranes and said ring support element definingat least one inflatable reflector chamber, at least one of saidmembranes having a means for reflecting electromagnetic radiation; andat least one pressure adjusting or inflating means for adjusting thepressure within said reflector chamber.
 2. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein said ring support element and said membranes are madefrom substantially thin, strong, and flexible sheets of at least onetype or class of substantially polymeric materials, whereby saidapparatus is suitably lightweight, compactly foldable, and sufficientlydurable for ease of transport to and substantially safe and dependableuse in a range of terrestrial and non-terrestrial environments.
 3. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein said inflation means and saidpressure adjusting means are at least one valve comprising a flexibleconduit closed by a closure means selected from the group consisting of:an affixed flexible plug; a flexible tongue-and-groove or Ziploc-typevalve; a self-sealing membrane valve; a clamp; and a tie.
 4. Theapparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least oneaccessory device attached to said apparatus, the accessory device beingselected from the group consisting of: a handle; an apertured tab-forhanging when in storage; a tying or hanging strap; a storage pouch forstoring the deflated and folded apparatus; and a pouch for filling withdense material to stabilize the apparatus.
 5. The apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising at least one fastener device attached tosaid apparatus, the fastener device being selected from the groupconsisting of: a clevis; a clip; a bracket; a mounting stud; a socket; aline; and a hook-and-loop fastening patch.
 6. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the plurality of pressure-deformable membranes are atleast two reflective membranes including a primary reflective membraneand at least one redundant or auxiliary reflective membrane, whereineach of said reflective membranes has predetermined functionalcharacteristics, whereby said reflective membranes may have identical ordissimilar functional characteristics.
 7. The apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising at least one access port having afluid-tight cover, whereby materials and equipment may be added to andremoved from the apparatus.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein at least one of said pressure-deformable membranes has at leastone outlet duct or port, whereby substantially fluidic materials can betransferred to, from, or through at least one said reflector chamber. 9.The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said port has a conduitextending through said reflector chamber, whereby substantially fluidicmaterials collecting on the top of the apparatus are drained throughsaid conduit to an external location substantially below said reflectorchamber.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said ringsupport element comprises at least two of said substantially inflatableand tubular rings, at least one of said rings being attached to andabove at least one other of said rings substantially above saidpressure-deformable membranes, whereby the external volume capacity ofthe apparatus is increased and an inflatable focal point support elementis provided.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said ringsupport element comprises at least two of said substantially inflatableand tubular rings, at least two of said rings being located between at,least two of said pressure-deformable membranes, whereby the internalvolume capacity of the apparatus is increased.
 12. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, further including at least one gutter attached tosaid ring support element for capturing falling materials, whereby theeffective capture area is increased.
 13. The apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising at least one stretched elastic band attachedto at least one surface of at least one of said pressure-deformablemembranes to cause wrinkling as a safety means.
 14. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, further including at least one cover attached toat least one point of said apparatus as a safety means, said cover beingrollable into a retracted position.
 15. A modular field-deployableapparatus substantially optimized for use as a radiant electromagneticenergy concentrating, focusing and beaming apparatus comprising: a, ringsupport element, said ring support element comprising at least onesubstantially tubular and inflatable ring, said ring support elementdefining a vacant center; at least one inflation means for inflatingsaid ring support element; at least two pressure-deformable membranesextending across the center of said ring support element, said membranesand said ring support element defining at least one inflatable reflectorchamber, at least one of said membranes having a means for reflectingelectromagnetic radiation; at least one pressure adjusting or inflationmeans for adjusting the pressure within said reflector chamber; and atleast one means for performing at least one function not involvingconcentrating, focusing, and beaming radiant electromagnetic energy,said means selected from the group consisting of: a means for collectingfluid; a means for storing fluid; a means for distributing fluid; ameans for processing fluid; a means for fermenting materials; a meansfor storing material; a means for providing waterborne flotation; ameans for providing snowborne transportation; a means for providing acompliant support; a means for immobilizing a broken limb; a means forconcentrating sound; a means for providing electrostatic insulation; ameans for providing thermal insulation; and a means for providingelectromagnetic insulation, whereby the apparatus also provides at leastone non-electromagnetic or non-focused electromagnetic function.
 16. Amethod of establishing at least one function or element oflife-sustaining infrastructure utilizing a modular field-deployableapparatus comprising the steps of: providing a ring support element,said ring support element comprising at least one substantially tubularand inflatable ring, said ring support element defining a vacant center;providing at least one inflation means for inflating said ring supportelement; providing at least two pressure-deformable membranes extendingacross the center of said ring support element, said membranes and saidring support element defining at least one inflatable reflector chamber,at least one of said pressure-deformable membranes being reflective toelectromagnetic radiation; providing at least one pressure adjusting orinflation means for adjusting the pressure within said reflectorchamber; and deploying said ring support element and saidpressure-deformable membranes in a manner effective for performing aselected function.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein thedeploying step comprises the following steps: inflating said ringsupport element to support and tension the periphery of saidpressure-deformable membranes; adjusting pressure within said reflectorchamber to deform at least one reflective membrane into a functionalconcave reflector; and positioning the reflective membrane in a mannereffective for allowing transmission of radiant electromagnetic energybetween a source and target, whereby an energy absorbing object placedin proximity to the focal point can absorb concentrated radiantelectromagnetic energy for at least one application selected fromcooking, heating, and processing of materials, electrical powergeneration, receiving electromagnetic communications or signals, andproviding illumination, and whereby an energy emitting object placed inproximity to the focal point can project radiant electromagnetic energyfor at least one application selected from transmitting electromagneticcommunications or signals, and providing illumination.
 18. The methodaccording to claim 16, wherein the deploying step comprises thefollowing steps: inflating said ring support element to support andtension the periphery of said pressure deformable membranes; adjustingpressure within said reflector chamber to deform at least one membraneinto a substantially concave surface; and positioning said apparatus ina substantially horizontal orientation with the substantially concavesurface facing upward, whereby said apparatus can capture and/or holdsubstantially fluidic materials including, for example, precipitation,leaking fluids, draining fluids, and/or moderately sized solidmaterials, and whereby said apparatus can support persons or objects onland and on water.
 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein thedeploying step comprises the following step: positioning said apparatusbetween an element and the surrounding environment to shield or insulatesaid element from said environment, whereby said apparatus can providethermal, electrostatic, and electromagnetic insulation.
 20. A modularmultifunction field-portable apparatus comprising: a ring supportelement, said ring support element comprising at least one substantiallytubular and inflatable ring, said ring support element defining a vacantcenter; at least one inflation means for inflating said ring supportelement; at least two pressure-deformable membranes extending across thecenter of said ring support element, said membranes and said ringsupport element defining at least one inflatable central chamber; and atleast one pressure adjusting or inflation means for adjusting thepressure within said reflector chamber, whereby the apparatus providesat least one non-electromagnetic function.